TABLE 3.
Results of confirmatory factor analysis of PDSS in five subscales: maximum-likelihood dimensions and loadings (N = 245)
| Item | I | II | III | IV | V | Residual variance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sleep/eating disturbance (SLP), α = 0.76 | ||||||
| 1. I had trouble sleeping even when my baby was asleep. | 0.74 (.03) | 0.45 | ||||
| 8. I lost my appetite. | 0.64 (.04) | 0.59 | ||||
| 15. I woke up on my own in the middle of the night and had trouble getting back to sleep. | 0.83 (.03) | 0.32 | ||||
| 22. I tossed and turned for a long time at night trying to fall asleep. | 0.83 (.03) | 0.30 | ||||
| 29. I knew I should eat but I could not. | 0.59 (.05) | 0.65 | ||||
| Anxiety/insecurity (ANX)/emotional lability (ELB)/mental confusion (MNT), α = 0.97 | ||||||
| 2. I got anxious over even the littlest things that concerned my baby. | 0.61 (.04) | 0.63 | ||||
| 3. I felt like my emotions were on a roller coaster | 0.81 (.02) | 0.35 | ||||
| 4. I felt like I was losing my mind. | 0.83 (.02) | 0.32 | ||||
| 9. I felt really overwhelmed. | 0.73 (.03) | 0.46 | ||||
| 10. I was scared that I would never be happy again. | 0.76 (.03) | 0.42 | ||||
| 11. I could not concentrate on anything. | 0.77 (.03) | 0.41 | ||||
| 16. I felt like I was jumping out of my skin. | 0.72 (.03) | 0.48 | ||||
| 17. I cried a lot for no real reason. | 0.72 (.03) | 0.48 | ||||
| 18. I thought I was going crazy. | 0.80 (.03) | 0.36 | ||||
| 23. I felt all alone. | 0.75 (.03) | 0.44 | ||||
| 24. I have been very irritable. | 0.76 (.03) | 0.43 | ||||
| 25. I had a difficult time making even a simple decision. | 0.74 (.03) | 0.46 | ||||
| 30. I felt like I had to keep moving or pacing. | 0.65 (.04) | 0.58 | ||||
| 31. I felt full of anger ready to explode. | 0.71 (.03) | 0.49 | ||||
| 32. I had difficulty focusing on a task. | 0.73 (.03) | 0.47 | ||||
| Loss of self (LOS), α = 0.90 | ||||||
| 5. I was afraid that I would never be my normal self again. | 0.82 (.02) | 0.33 | ||||
| 12. I felt as though I had become a stranger to myself. | 0.84 (.02) | 0.29 | ||||
| 19. I did not know who I was anymore. | 0.83 (.02) | 0.31 | ||||
| 26. I felt like I was not normal. | 0.84 (.02) | 0.30 | ||||
| 33. I did not feel real. | 0.77 (.03) | 0.41 | ||||
| Guilt/shame (GLT), α = 0.81 | ||||||
| 6. I felt like I was not the mother I wanted to be. | 0.81 (.03) | 0.34 | ||||
| 13. I felt like so many mothers were better than me. | 0.82 (.03) | 0.33 | ||||
| 20. I felt guilty because I could not feel as much love for my baby as I should. | 0.61 (.04) | 0.63 | ||||
| 27. I felt like I had to hide what I was thinking or feeling toward the baby. | 0.58 (.05) | 0.69 | ||||
| 34. I felt like a failure as a mother. | 0.87 (.02) | 0.24 | ||||
| Suicidal thoughts (SUI), α = 0.62 | ||||||
| 7. I have thought that death seemed like the only way out of this living nightmare. | 0.95 (.01) | 0.09 | ||||
| 14. I started thinking that I would be better off dead. | 0.93 (.01) | 0.14 | ||||
| 21. I wanted to hurt myself. | 0.77 (.03) | 0.40 | ||||
| 28. I felt that my baby would be better off without me. | 0.65 (.04) | 0.57 | ||||
| 35. I just wanted to leave this world. | 0.93 (.01) | 0.13 |
PDSS, postpartum depression screening scale. Columns are standardized factor loadings with standard errors (in parentheses).