Table 1. Descriptive statistics: Mean.

Variables		1989	1991	1993	1995	1997	2000	2002	2004	2005	2006	2008
Urban	Income	803.46	867.60	1253.28	1952.56	1516.04	2198.80	2831.54	3164.97	3061.26	3637.95	4304.26
	Edu	9.29	9.58	9.87	11.63	10.45	11.25	12.04	11.52	10.99	11.71	11.94
	exp	19.10	19.01	19.89	22.87	20.52	20.61	24.24	22.28	24.80	23.32	22.43
	gender	0.55	0.54	0.56	0.51	0.58	0.58	0.51	0.58	0.47	0.48	0.53
	Observations	1492	1375	1737	12045	1547	1640	12304	1243	3438	2721	1800
Rural	Income	785.39	779.41	875.52	1588.88	1335.08	1777.59	1097.22	2113.42	1223.28	2491.27	1593.11
	Edu	8.51	8.87	8.04	9.22	8.34	8.81	8.99	9.11	7.22	8.84	7.63
	exp	17.86	18.13	17.39	19.01	18.12	17.97	20.84	21.19	26.56	19.55	25.56
	gender	0.62	0.60	0.63	0.65	0.60	0.64	0.71	0.62	0.46	0.54	0.50
	Observations	1388	1269	622	1252	612	691	9688	401	3025	1076	1439
Variables		2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019
Urban	Income	5615.63	5645.89	5801.55	7158.49	8059.69	6150.32	9106.87	6966.22	9582.79	8850.12	8978.26
	Edu	11.92	13.03	12.89	13.02	13.32	12.29	13.06	12.54	13.42	13.01	13.65
	exp	23.99	20.92	21.81	21.66	20.97	20.86	22.78	17.42	22.05	20.97	21.57
	gender	0.57	0.56	0.57	0.58	0.61	0.57	0.51	0.53	0.56	0.56	0.49
	Observations	1251	1895	880	2056	1810	3322	1475	1314	13003	3197	1180
Rural	Income	3778.39	2228.85	2663.32	3414.82	4343.32	4947.67	5387.01	5109.41	6363.93	6567.45	5704.51
	Edu	8.99	7.77	8.07	8.31	8.54	8.42	8.86	9.09	10.12	9.56	9.98
	exp	22.70	26.59	26.52	26.68	26.19	19.92	26.47	17.78	22.16	20.77	23.27
	gender	0.63	0.54	0.50	0.55	0.56	0.62	0.53	0.58	0.60	0.60	0.50
	Observations	633	2604	1454	2733	2721	5783	2636	3104	15757	5797	1762

Data Source: CHNS, CHIP, CGSS, CFPS, CHFS, and CSS