BOX. Assertive Linkage Strategies to Link People With Substance Use Disorders to Care.

Strategy Type	Assertive Linkage Strategy	Description	Programs Utilizing Strategy by Type	Studies Describing Strategy
Engagement	Proactive outreach	Data or police referrals are used to identify and contact individuals by phone or in person	Prebooking (n = 2)Postoverdose (n = 21)	23,35–40,42,43
			Location-based (n = 1)
			Hybrid (n = 1)
	On-site providers	Providers are present at designated places for drop-in linkage requests or they rapidly travel to meet individuals identified for linkage by police	Prebooking (n = 1)	19,23,39,41,42
		Location-based (n = 4)
	Secure transport	Individuals are transported to designated places where providers can engage them directly	Prebooking (n = 3) Postoverdose (n = 1)	32–34,38
Treatment/service connection	Case management	Providers help individuals access various types of care	Prebooking (n = 5)	23–27,31,32,35,39–43
			Postoverdose (n = 2)
			Location-based (n = 2)
			Hybrid (n = 1)
	Patient navigation	Providers help individuals access SUD treatment	Postoverdose (n = 2)	19,36–48
			Location-based (n = 1)
	Peer support	Peer support or recovery specialists are deployed to enhance service connections	Postoverdose (n = 1)	36,37,41,42
			Location-based (n = 2)
	Motivational interviewing	Providers inspire treatment readiness and address motivational barriers	Prebooking (n = 2)	23,36–38,42
			Postoverdose (n = 2)
			Location-based (n = 1)
	Low-threshold access	Efforts are made to increase ease of access for individuals and providers	Prebooking (n = 4)	28–30,33,34,36,37,41,43
			Postoverdose (n = 1)
			Hybrid (n = 1)
	External pressure	Efforts are made to encourage or force treatment or service connections	Prebooking (n = 4)	23–31,33,34,38
			Postoverdose (n = 5-7)
			Location-based (n = 1)

Abbreviation: SUD, substance use disorder.