Table 2.
Demographic and type 2 diabetes mellitus characteristics for studies included in meta-analysis
| No. | Study | Total No. | Age, yr | Male, % | T2DM duration, yr | Oral No. | Insulin No. | Medication, % | Serum insulin, μU/mL | HbA1c, % | Fasting glucose, mmol/L | MRI strength | Measurement |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ajilore et al. (2010) [22] | 46 | 56.6±8.4 | 28.3 | 1.5 | Volumetry (automated) | |||||||
| Normal | 20 | 55.2±8.2 | 25.0 | 5.6±1.1 | |||||||||
| T2DM | 26 | 57.8±8.5 | 30.8 | 9.8±8.2 | 7.1±1.1 | ||||||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| 2 | Ajilore et al. (2015) [23] | 56 | 55.7±9.8 | 32.1 | 1.5 | Volumetry (automated) | |||||||
| Normal | 32 | 53.5±10.3 | 28.1 | 5.5±0.4 | |||||||||
| T2DM | 24 | 58.9±8.3 | 37.5 | 9.7±7.8 | 7±1.1 | ||||||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| 3 | Bruehl et al. (2009I) [26] | 30 | 59.8±8 | 60.0 | 1.5 | Volumetry (manual) | |||||||
| Normal | 12 | 63.0±6.8 | 66.7 | 6.9±3.3 | 5.3±0.5 | 4.5±0.5 | |||||||
| T2DM | 18 | 57.7±8.2 | 55.6 | 5.9±3.7 | 17 | 94.4 | 19.6±13.1 | 8±2 | 7.5±3 | ||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| 4 | Bruehl et al. (2009II) [27] | 88 | 59.5±8.1 | 52.3 | 1.5 | Volumetry (manual) | |||||||
| Normal | 47 | 60.0±8.0 | 51.1 | 5.6±1.7 | 5.2±0.4 | 4.5±0.5 | |||||||
| T2DM | 41 | 59.0±8.4 | 53.7 | 7±6.4 | 14.1±10.4 | 7.9±1.8 | 7.8±2.9 | ||||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| 5 | Brundel et al. (2010) [28] | 86 | 69.3±4.9 | 46.5 | 1.5 | Volumetry (automated) | |||||||
| Normal | 30 | 68.1±4.3 | 43.3 | 5.7±0.5 | 5.6±0.8 | ||||||||
| T2DM | 56 | 70.0±5.2 | 48.2 | 13.6±6.8 | 27 | 48.2 | 8.1±6.8 | 7.1±1 | 8.3±3 | ||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| 6 | Brundel et al. (2014) [29] | 97 | 70.7±4.3 | 57.7 | 3.0 | Volumetry (manual; automated) | |||||||
| Normal | 49 | 71.1±4.5 | 61.2 | 5.7±0.4 | 5.6±0.7 | ||||||||
| T2DM | 48 | 70.3±4.1 | 54.2 | 11±9.3 | 6.8±0.8 | 8±2 | |||||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| 7 | Callisaya et al. (2019) [30] | 705 | 70.4±7.4 | 57.1 | 1.5 | Volumetry (automated) | |||||||
| Normal | 357 | 72.5±7.1 | 53.2 | 5.6±0.3 | 5.3±0.5 | ||||||||
| T2DM | 348 | 68.2±7.0 | 60.1 | 9.5±9.4 | 234 | 71 | 67.2 | 7.2±1.2 | 7.7±2.3 | ||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| 8 | Chen et al. (2012) [32] | 32 | 60.4±7 | 75.0 | 1.5 | VBM | |||||||
| Normal | 16 | 59.6±6.1 | 75.0 | ||||||||||
| T2DM | 16 | 61.2±7.8 | 75.0 | 13.2±5.6 | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| 9 | Chen et al. (2014) [33] | 22 | 58.7±2.5 | 27.3 | 3.0 | VBM | |||||||
| Normal | 11 | 56.2 | 27.3 | ||||||||||
| T2DM | 11 | 61.2 | 27.3 | 13.9 | 8.3±1.9 | 9.9±2.4 | |||||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| 10 | Chen et al. (2017) [34] | 47 | 58.8±8.1 | 51.1 | 3.0 | Volumetry (automated) | |||||||
| Normal | 24 | 57.0±7.5 | 50.0 | 8.8±4.5 | 5.8±0.2 | 5.3±0.3 | |||||||
| T2DM | 23 | 60.8±8.3 | 52.2 | 8.9±4.8 | 23 | 12 | 100.0 | 12.3±5.8 | 8.6±2.2 | 9±2.7 | |||
|
| |||||||||||||
| 11 | Climie et al. (2014) [35] | 80 | 57.5±10.1 | 45.0 | 1.5 | Volumetry (manual; semi-auto; automated) | |||||||
| Normal | 40 | 52.0±8.0 | 47.5 | 2.4±4.7 | 5.5±0.3 | 4.7±0.4 | |||||||
| T2DM | 40 | 63.0±9.0 | 42.5 | 6±6 | 10.2±8.6 | 7.2±0.8 | 7.5±1.8 | ||||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| 12 | Cox et al. (2019) [36] | 9,722 | 62.0±7.5 | 47.5 | 3.0 | Volumetry (automated) | |||||||
| Normal | 9,246 | 61.8±7.5 | 46.6 | ||||||||||
| T2DM | 476 | 64.5±6.9 | 65.1 | ||||||||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| 13 | Cui et al. (2014) [37] | 69 | 65.4±9.3 | 49.3 | 3.0 | VBM | |||||||
| Normal | 26 | 65.2±10.2 | 53.8 | 5.7±0.3 | 5.0±0.6 | ||||||||
| T2DM | 43 | 65.5±8.7 | 42.5 | 13.3±6.8 | 34 | 11 | 79.1 | 7.1±1.1 | 6.9±2.6 | ||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| 14 | Cui et al. (2017) [38] | 81 | 59.2±6.8 | 42.0 | 3.0 | VBM | |||||||
| Normal | 41 | 57.9±6.5 | 31.7 | 5.6±0.3 | 5.4±0.3 | ||||||||
| T2DM | 40 | 60.5±6.9 | 52.5 | 8.9±5 | 8 | 20.0 | 7.7±1.6 | 7.8±2.1 | |||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| 15 | de Bresser et al. (2018) [40] | 83 | 65.3±5.1 | 45.8 | 1.5 | Volumetry (automated) | |||||||
| Normal | 28 | 64.2±4.3 | 42.9 | ||||||||||
| T2DM | 55 | 65.9±5.4 | 47.3 | 9.5±6.6 | 31 | 56.4 | 7.0±1.1 | 5.6±0.6 | |||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| 16 | Espeland et al. (2013) [11] | 1,366 | 78.5±0.2 | 0.0 | 1.5 | Volumetry (automated) | |||||||
| Normal | 1,221 | 78.6±0.1 | 0.0 | ||||||||||
| T2DM | 145 | 78.1±0.3 | 0.0 | ||||||||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| 17 | Fang et al. (2019) [43] | 67 | 33.1±5.2 | 64.2 | 3.0 | VBM | |||||||
| Normal | 32 | 34.1±4.8 | 59.4 | 5.5±0.3 | 4.8±0.5 | ||||||||
| T2DM | 35 | 32.1±5.3 | 68.6 | 1 | 33 | 25 | 94.2 | 10.4±2.4 | 8.5±3.8 | ||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| 18 | Gold et al. (2007) [46] | 46 | 59.5±8.5 | 47.8 | 1.5 | Volumetry (automated); VBM | |||||||
| Normal | 23 | 59.9±8.6 | 47.8 | 5.1±0.4 | 4.5±0.5 | ||||||||
| T2DM | 23 | 59.2±8.4 | 47.8 | 6±6.3 | 6.9±0.8 | 6.7±1.8 | |||||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| 19 | Hempel et al. (2012) [47] | 87 | 59.4±11.7 | 52.9 | 1.5 | Volumetry (manual) | |||||||
| Normal | 47 | 60.0±11.3 | 51.1 | 5.6±2.5 | 5.2±0.5 | 4.5±0.7 | |||||||
| T2DM | 40 | 58.9±12.2 | 55.0 | 14.6±14.9 | 7.7±2.3 | 7.7±3.9 | |||||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| 20 | Hsu et al. (2012) [50] | 137 | 56.3±4.9 | 57.7 | 1.5 | VBM | |||||||
| Normal | 97 | 56.2±4.7 | 55.7 | 5.5±0.3 | 5.0±0.6 | ||||||||
| T2DM | 40 | 56.8±5.5 | 62.5 | 5.1±4.7 | 29 | 72.5 | 7.7±1.7 | 7.8±2.4 | |||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| 21 | Jongen et al. (2007) [51] | 145 | 65.5±5.6 | 47.6 | 1.5 | Volumetry (automated) | |||||||
| Normal | 46 | 64.9±5.6 | 43.5 | 5.5±0.3 | |||||||||
| T2DM | 99 | 65.9±5.6 | 49.5 | 8.7±6.1 | 29 | 29.3 | 6.8±1.2 | ||||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| 22 | Kumar et al. (2008I) [52] | 467 | 62.6±1.1 | 51.8 | 1.5 | VBM; Volumetry (manual) | |||||||
| Normal | 428 | 62.6±1.5 | 51.2 | ||||||||||
| T2DM | 39 | 62.6±1.2 | 59.0 | 19 | 7 | 49 | |||||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| 23 | Kumar et al. (2008II) [53] | 51 | 55.5±9.1 | 23.5 | 9.8±8.2 | 1.5 | Volumetry (automated) | ||||||
| Normal | 25 | 53.2±9.1 | 20.0 | 5.3±0.4 | |||||||||
| T2DM | 26 | 57.9±8.5 | 26.9 | 16 | 9 | 96.2 | 7.1±1.1 | ||||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| 24 | Last et al. (2007) [54] | 51 | 61±7.6 | 51.0 | 1.5 | Volumetry (automated) | |||||||
| Normal | 25 | 60.4±8.6 | 52.0 | 5.5±0.4 | 4.4±0.9 | ||||||||
| T2DM | 26 | 61.6±6.6 | 50.0 | 12.9±11.3 | 7.1±0.1 | 7.4±4.3 | |||||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| 25 | Li et al. (2016) [57] | 429 | 74.3±0.5 | 49.7 | 1.5, 3.0 | Volumetry (automated) | |||||||
| Normal | 398 | 74.3±0.4 | 48.0 | ||||||||||
| T2DM | 31 | 74.8±1.3 | 71.0 | ||||||||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| 26 | Luchsinger et al. (2020) [61] | 250 | 64.1±3.5 | 28.0 | 73.0 | 7.6±1.7 | 3.0 | Volumetry (automated) | |||||
| Normal | 139 | 63.7±3.4 | 24.6 | 5.4±0.2 | |||||||||
| T2DM | 111 | 64.7±3.5 | 33.3 | 7.6±1.7 | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| 27 | Maldijan et al. (2013) [62] | 200 | 67.6±9.3 | 19.0 | 1.5 | Volumetry (manual; automated) | |||||||
| Normal | 100 | 67.5±9.4 | 15.0 | 5.9±0.3 | |||||||||
| T2DM | 100 | 67.7±9.2 | 23.0 | 7.6±1.4 | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| 28 | Moran et al. (2016) [65] | 451 | 69.5±7.2 | 56.8 | 1.5 | VBM | |||||||
| Normal | 181 | 72.9±6.7 | 53.6 | 5.6±0.3 | 5.3±0.6 | ||||||||
| T2DM | 270 | 67.3±6.7 | 58.9 | 53 | 19.6 | 7.1±1.2 | 7.7±2.1 | ||||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| 29 | Musen et al. (2012) [66] | 21 | 54.9±2.2 | 66.7 | 1.5 | Volumetry (automated) | |||||||
| Normal | 11 | 54.0±1.8 | 63.6 | 11.9±2.1 | 5.6±0.1 | 4.8±0.2 | |||||||
| T2DM | 10 | 56.0±2.2 | 70.0 | 6.1±0.9 | 19.7±3.6 | 7.5±0.5 | 8.4±1.3 | ||||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| 30 | Qiu et al. (2014) [69] | 4,206 | 76.1±5.3 | 41.6 | 1.5 | Volumetry (automated) | |||||||
| Normal | 3,744 | 76.2±5.4 | 39.9 | ||||||||||
| T2DM | 462 | 76.0±5.1 | 55.2 | ||||||||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| 31 | Raffield et al. (2016) [70] | 784 | 65.8±9.8 | 45.9 | 1.5, 3.0 | VBM | |||||||
| Normal | 102 | 66.7±10.0 | 34.3 | 3 | 2.9 | 5.9±0.3 | 5.4±0.6 | ||||||
| T2DM | 682 | 65.8±9.8 | 47.7 | 15.2±7.7 | 445 | 227 | 65.3 | 7.5±1.4 | 8.2±3.0 | ||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| 32 | Redel et al. (2018) [71] | 40 | 16.7±2.3 | 25.0 | 3.0 | VBM | |||||||
| Normal | 20 | 16.7±2.6 | 25.0 | ||||||||||
| T2DM | 20 | 16.7±2.0 | 25.0 | ||||||||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| 33 | Reinhard et al. (2012) [72] | 46 | 54.1±13.2 | 82.6 | 3.0 | Volumetry (automated) | |||||||
| Normal | 26 | 52.0±15.0 | 80.8 | ||||||||||
| T2DM | 20 | 57.0±10.0 | 85.0 | 12.0±6.0 | 18 | 14 | 90.0 | 7.9 | |||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| 34 | Rensma et al. (2020) [73] | 2135 | 74.5±4.6 | 41.7 | 1.5 | Volumetry (automated) | |||||||
| Normal | 1,938 | 74.5±4.6 | 41.4 | 5.6±0.3 | |||||||||
| T2DM | 197 | 74.6±4.3 | 52.3 | 6.5±0.9 | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| 35 | Samaras et al. (2014) [21] | 312 | 78.4±4.7 | 51.6 | 3.0 | Volumetry (automated); VBM | |||||||
| Normal | 279 | 78.4±4.8 | 53.0 | ||||||||||
| T2DM | 33 | 78.4±4.7 | 39.4 | ||||||||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| 36 | Sun et al. (2018) [78] | 36 | 66.9±5.2 | 33.3 | 3.0 | VBM | |||||||
| Normal | 24 | 66.7±5.4 | 16.7 | ||||||||||
| T2DM | 12 | 67.3±4.7 | 66.7 | 7.9±5.3 | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| 37 | Suzuki et al. (2019) [79] | 8,312 | 62.3±7.4 | 47.6 | 3.0 | Volumetry (automated) | |||||||
| Normal | 7,912 | 62.2±7.4 | 46.8 | ||||||||||
| T2DM | 400 | 64.8±7.0 | 63.5 | ||||||||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| 38 | Walsh et al. (2019) [80] | 399 | 64.4±9.7 | 46.9 | 1.5 | Volumetry (automated) | |||||||
| Normal | 353 | 63.7±9.6 | 45.0 | 5.4±0.2 | |||||||||
| T2DM | 46 | 70.0±8.7 | 60.9 | 7.5±2.7 | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| 39 | Wood et al. (2016) [81] | 44 | 59.5±5.3 | 45.5 | 3.0 | VBM | |||||||
| Normal | 22 | 59.5±5.3 | 36.4 | 5.7±0.8 | |||||||||
| T2DM | 22 | 59.5±5.3 | 54.5 | 10.1±9.7 | 20 | 4 | 90.9 | 7.0±1.5 | |||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| 40 | Yau et al. (2014) [82] | 96 | 58.7±8 | 44.8 | 1.5 | Volumetry (manual) | |||||||
| Normal | 50 | 58.8±7.9 | 44.0 | 5.3±0.4 | 4.3±0.5 | ||||||||
| T2DM | 46 | 58.8±8.2 | 7.5±6.7 | 7.8±1.8 | 7.9±3 | ||||||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| 41 | Zhang et al. (2014) [83] | 54 | 53.9±9.3 | 48.1 | 3.0 | VBM | |||||||
| Normal | 29 | 55.5±9.1 | 41.4 | ||||||||||
| T2DM | 25 | 52.2±9.2 | 56.0 | 6.4±5.3 | 7.3±1.3 | ||||||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| 42 | Zhang et al. (2015) [84] | 160 | 57.6±9.6 | 40.0 | 3.0 | Volumetry (automated) | |||||||
| Normal | 80 | 57.8±10.3 | 36.3 | 5.6±0.4 | |||||||||
| T2DM | 80 | 57.5±9.0 | 43.8 | 7.0±6.7 | 7.5±1.5 | ||||||||
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.
T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; VBM, voxel-based morphometry.