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. 2022 Oct 4;5:1057. doi: 10.1038/s42003-022-04022-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining of frozen liver sections from moC and moHF offspring; Venn diagram of the DE genes in response to MO, in b females (F) and males (M) and between sexes in d moC and moHF. c Box plots showing expression (RPKM, log10) of the four DE genes by MO shared between sexes; Volcano plots of the DE genes in response to MO in e F and f M and between sexes in g moC and h moHF with selected genes linked to the X- and Y-chromosomes. Genes residing on the X-chromosome are marked in green and those on the Y-chromosome are marked in light blue; top 10 significantly up and top 10 significantly down enriched biological GO terms in response to MO in i F and M; and between sexes in j moC and moHF. k Bar plot presenting the MES between sexes in moC and moHF (left panel) and in response to MO in F and M (right panel) of the KEGG pathways involved in inflammation. Red and blue bars indicate higher expression in M and F, respectively, and green and purple bars indicate higher expression in moC and moHF, respectively. l Box plots showing expression (RPKM, log10) of selected genes involved in the inflammatory pathways. For volcano plots: Significantly upregulated (log2FC > 1) and downregulated (Log2FC < −1) genes are presented as red and blue dots, respectively. Orange dots indicate the genes that are significantly changed (FDR < 0.1). Black dots indicate not significant (FDR > 0.1). For a F-moC (n = 3), M-moC (n = 3), F-moHF (n = 4), and M-moHF (n = 2). For b–l, F-moC (n = 5), M-moC (n = 5), F-moHF (n = 6), and M-moHF (n = 3). For c and l, data are presented as mean ± sd. Differences between two groups (sexes, F versus M; maternal diet moC versus moHF) were determined by unpaired two-tailed t-test corrected for multiple comparisons using the Holm–Sidak method, with alpha = 5.000%. For i, j, significance was determined using Fisher’s Exact test with P values ≤0.05. For pathway and DE genes analysis we used the Benjamini–Hochberg correction with FDR < 0.1 when significant. *, M versus F and ^#, moHF versus moC, p < 0.05; ** or ^##, p < 0.01; *** or ^###, p < 0.001.