Table 1.

Maternal demographic and clinical characteristics

	Pregestational DM N=95	P-valuea	GDM N=370	P-valueb	No DM (Referent) N=4971
Maternal age (years)	30.1 ± 7.1	<0.001	29.9 ± 6.1	<0.001	27.1 ± 5.8
Race/ethnicity		0.003		<0.001
Black	22 (23)		69 (18.7)		1132 (22.8)
Hispanic	42 (44)		173 (46.8)		1449 (29.2)
White/Other	31 (33)		128 (34.6)		2390 (48.1)
Nulliparous	36 (38)	0.32	141 (38.1)	0.06	2139 (43.0)
Public insurance/none	74 (78)	<0.001	260 (70.5)	<0.001	2939 (59.1)
Education (years)	11.9 ± 2.9	0.001	12.2 ± 3.2	<0.001	12.9 ± 2.6
BMI at admission (kg/m2)	37.7 ± 8.2	<0.001	35.6 ± 7.3	<0.001	32.4 ± 6.9
Tobacco use	12 (13)	0.09	27 (7.3)	0.67	393 (7.9)
Illicit drug use	4 (4)	0.33	4 (1.1)	0.06	133 (2.7)
Chronic hypertension	21 (22)	<0.001	33 (8.9)	<0.001	154 (3.1)
Gestational hypertensive disorders	27 (28)	<0.001	53 (14.3)	0.03	535 (10.8)
Duration of labor
First stage (hours)	4.7 (2.7-7.5)	<0.001	3.4 (1.8-6.1)	0.003	3.0 (1.5-5.2)
Second stage (minutes)	36 (11-70)	0.98	26 (13-64)	0.74	27 (14-60)

BMI = body mass index; DM = diabetes mellitus; GDM = gestational diabetes mellitus.

Data presented as mean ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range), or n (%). Significant associations (P<0.05) are in bold.

^aPregestational DM versus no DM

^bGDM versus no DM