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Signaling pathways involved in bAVM development. Right column: mechanisms implicated in HHT AVMs. BMP9/BMP10/TGFβ can regulate angiogenesis via interacting with ALK1/ENG to phosphorylate SMAD. Mutation of ALK1 or ENG reduces SMAD, leading to AVM development. Left column: mechanisms involved in sporadic bAVM. Mutations in genes of KRAS, BRAF pathway enhance the level of MEK and ERK and lead to bAVM development.
