Table 1.
Quantification of phenolic compounds, tocochromanols (tocopherols and tocotrienols), triterpene, fat and fatty acids (SFAs, MUFAs, PUFAs), minerals, sugars and in vitro activity (pancreatic- α-amylase, intestinal α-glucosidase, AChE and BuChE) composition in different nuts.
| Nuts |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pecan | pine | hazelnuts | pistachio | almonds | cashew | walnuts | macadamia | |
| Polyphenols [mg/100 g] | ||||||||
| Flavanols | 52.4 ± 2.4c | nd | 12.0 ± 0.6d | 5.0 ± 0.4de | 8.8 ± 1.1de | 68.3 ± 1.5b | 415.1 ± 2.7a | nd |
| Phenolic acids | nd | nd | nd | 0.9 ± 0.1a | 0.3 ± 0.0b | nd | nd | nd |
| Flavonols | 23.5 ± 1.7a | nd | nd | nd | 7.1 ± 0.5c | nd | 17.8 ± 1.1b | nd |
| Σ Polyphenols | 75.9b | nd | 12.0c | 5.9d | 16.3c | 68.3b | 432.9a | nd |
| Tocochromanols [μg/100 g] | ||||||||
| δ-Tocotrienols | 5.3 ± 0.3c | 2.3 ± 0.2c | 2.1 ± 0.1c | 238.2 ± 3.7a | 2.5 ± 0.3c | 66.3 ± 2.8b | 2.3 ± 0.3c | 1.3 ± 0.2c |
| β-Tocotrienols | 4.7 ± 0.1b | 2.3 ± 0.1b | 6.8 ± 0.3b | 664.3 ± 5.8a | 1.9 ± 0.1b | nd | nd | 3.0 ± 0.1b |
| γ-Tocotrienols | 10.5 ± 0.8e | 157.1 ± 1.6a | 19.8 ± 1.4d | 139.7 ± 1.6b | 4.6 ± 0.4f | 36.0 ± 3.5c | 17.3 ± 0.7d | 16.9 ± 0.5d |
| α-Tocotrienols | 30.6 ± 1.4de | 8.7 ± 0.7e | 32.5 ± 1.3d | 164.2 ± 3.1b | 113.2 ± 3.8c | 14.4 ± 1.1de | 33.7 ± 1.5d | 864.1 ± 3.1a |
| Σ Tocotrienols | 51.1e | 170.4c | 61.1e | 1206.4a | 122.2d | 116.6d | 53.3e | 885.2b |
| δ-Tocopherols | 171.7 ± 4.3b | 31.0 ± 2.4d | 8.6 ± 0.5e | 78.5 ± 1.2c | 7.5 ± 0.4e | 38.3 ± 1.1d | 220.9 ± 4.1a | 72.6 ± 4.2c |
| β-Tocopherols | 7.5 ± 1.4e | 29.8 ± 1.2d | 296.4 ± 1.5a | 42.1 ± 0.7c | 120.5 ± 3.5b | 2.0 ± 0.2e | nd | 0.3 ± 0.0e |
| γ-Tocopherols | 2575.8 ± 2.9b | 711.4 ± 6.4d | 151.8 ± 10.1f | 2855.2 ± 2.7a | 70.8 ± 1.3f | 612.9 ± 3.7de | 1611.5 ± 7.9c | 571.5 ± 2.7e |
| α-Tocopherols* | 150.4 ± 4.2 cd | 1118.2 ± 8.5b | 2551.0 ± 4.8a | 195.2 ± 3.1c | 2489.7 ± 4.7a | 63.1 ± 1.1de | 76.7 ± 2.0de | 27.9 ± 2.5e |
| Σ Tocopherols | 2905.4 ± 6.8e | 1890.3 ± 5.2c | 3007.7 ± 5.2e | 3171.1 ± 5.7a | 2688.6 ± 4.6d | 716.3 ± 2.7d | 1909.1 ± 5.9e | 672.3 ± 5.2b |
| Σ T ocochromanols | 2956.5b | 2060.7d | 3068.9ab | 4377.5a | 2810.8c | 832.9e | 1962.4d | 1557.5e |
| Triterpene mg/100 g[] | ||||||||
| Tormentic acid | 32.7 ± 0.7b | 20.6 ± 1.0d | 18.3 ± 2.1e | 23.2 ± 1.3c | 5.6 ± 0.3 g | 14.1 ± 1.5f | 14.9 ± 1.1f | 40.4 ± 1.7a |
| Maslinic acid | 13.9 ± 0.3a | 12.2 ± 0.4b | 10.8 ± 1.1 cd | 11.1 ± 0.8b | 6.4 ± 0.5e | 10.2 ± 1.2d | 10.4 ± 0.9 cd | 12.3 ± 0.7b |
| Pomolic acid | 79.6 ± 1.4a | 71.0 ± 1.3bc | 66.5 ± 2.6 cd | 62.9 ± 3.1de | 35.5 ± 1.4 g | 60.2 ± 1.7ef | 57.9 ± 1.5f | 74.5 ± 2.5b |
| Corosolic acid | 23.6 ± 0.6e | 27.4 ± 0.4bc | 25.8 ± 3.1 cd | 18.4 ± 1.4f | 30.0 ± 1.4a | 26.4 ± 1.4bc | 24.3 ± 2.6de | 28.0 ± 1.1b |
| Betulinic acid | 1.0 ± 0.0c | 24.6 ± 1.1a | 1.8 ± 0.5c | 4.1 ± 0.2b | 1.2 ± 0.1c | 1.3 ± 0.3c | 24.4 ± 1.5a | 0.1 ± 0.0d |
| Oleanolic acid | 15.7 ± 0.5e | 378.0 ± 2.5a | 39.1 ± 1.4 cd | 47.2 ± 2.6c | 29.4 ± 1.3d | 30.9 ± 0.9d | 60.3 ± 1.7b | 5.3 ± 0.5f |
| Ursolic acid | 1.7 ± 0.2f | 27.2 ± 0.4a | 7.2 ± 0.7c | 2.5 ± 0.9e | 3.4 ± 0.2d | 11.9 ± 1.5b | 3.2 ± 1.6de | 2.5 ± 0.2ef |
| Betulin | 0.5 ± 0.1b | 0.2 ± 0.0d | nd | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 1.0 ± 0.1a | nd | 0.2 ± 0.0e | nd |
| Erythrodiol | nd | 0.2 ± 0.0c | nd | nd | 1.2 ± 0.2a | nd | 0.4 ± 0.0b | nd |
| α-Boswellic acid | 0.8 ± 0.1f | 118.8 ± 2.1a | 83.4 ± 2.5b | 30.9 ± 2.1c | 19.8 ± 1.1d | 28.8 ± 2.6c | 2.9 ± 0.6ef | 5.3 ± 0.5e |
| Uvaol | 0.2 ± 0.0de | 10.0 ± 1.1a | 1.1 ± 0.2c | 1.4 ± 0.3b | 0.3 ± 0.0d | nd | 0.2 ± 0.0de | 0.4 ± 0.1d |
| Σ Triterpene | 169.8d | 690.3a | 253.9b | 202.1c | 133.9e | 183.7 cd | 199.2c | 168.9d |
| Fat and fatty acid [%] | ||||||||
| Σ Fat | 34.1 ± 1.3c | 34.5 ± 2.4bc | 35.3 ± 1.5bc | 46.7 ± 2.6a | 45.5 ± 2.1a | 36.8 ± 2.5b | 30.8 ± 1.5d | 24.9 ± 1.2e |
| SFAs | 12.6 ± 0.4 cd | 11.8 ± 1.1d | 13.3 ± 0.7c | 13.3 ± 1.1c | 9.2 ± 1.1e | 20.3 ± 2.4b | 13.3 ± 1.3c | 21.5 ± 1.4a |
| MUFAs | 57.2 ± 1.1 cd | 32.2 ± 0.6e | 79.3 ± 1.1a | 55.4 ± 2.5d | 72.7 ± 2.4b | 61.4 ± 2.7c | 17.5 ± 0.9f | 75.6 ± 2.5ab |
| PUFAs | 30.2 ± 0.5c | 56.0 ± 1.4b | 7.5 ± 0.6e | 31.3 ± 1.5c | 18.1 ± 2.1d | 18.4 ± 1.1d | 69.3 ± 2.4a | 2.8 ± 0.6f |
| Minerals [mg/100 g] | ||||||||
| sodium (Na) | 4.4 ± 0.3e | 5.3 ± 0.6e | 5.4 ± 0.2e | 55.6 ± 2.5a | 8.4 ± 1.1d | 45.3 ± 3.3b | 4.9 ± 0.5e | 17.9 ± 1.6c |
| potassium (K) | 718.7 ± 5.2f | 1233.6 ± 6.2d | 1627.2 ± 2.9b | 1772.3 ± 5.2a | 1511.1 ± 4.7c | 958.1 ± 5.8e | 629.5 ± 2.7 g | 464.5 ± 2.4 h |
| magnesium (Mg) | 296.3 ± 6.6c | 485.6 ± 3.7a | 348.7 ± 2.7b | 251.9 ± 2.7d | 482.8 ± 4.4a | 502.5 ± 3.6a | 271.5 ± 3.1 cd | 197.0 ± 1.5e |
| calcium (Ca) | 19.2 ± 0.4e | 1.5 ± 0.1 g | 36.6 ± 1.5c | 41.8 ± 1.5b | 59.0 ± 2.7a | 14.9 ± 2.1f | 34.4 ± 1.6c | 24.6 ± 1.1d |
| iron (Fe) | 8.1 ± 1.1e | 11.7 ± 0.4b | 8.8 ± 0.7de | 10.0 ± 0.9c | 11.2 ± 1.1b | 14.0 ± 1.3a | 11.3 ± 1.7b | 9.0 ± 0.4d |
| copper (Cu) | 1.3 ± 0.2d | 1.6 ± 0.1c | 1.8 ± 0.1b | 0.8 ± 0.1f | 0.9 ± 0.1e | 2.5 ± 0.4a | 1.8 ± 0.3b | 0.5 ± 0.0 g |
| zinc (Zn) | 3.3 ± 0.2a | 3.3 ± 0.2a | 1.8 ± 0.3d | 1.8 ± 0.5d | 2.3 ± 0.3c | 3.3 ± 0.2a | 2.5 ± 0.4b | 0.7 ± 0.1e |
| manganese (Mn) | 1.5 ± 0.4e | 7.5 ± 0.5a | 5.5 ± 0.6b | 0.9 ± 0.2f | 1.7 ± 0.2e | 1.6 ± 0.3e | 4.0 ± 0.2c | 2.6 ± 0.3d |
| selenium (Se) [μg/100 g] | 0.6 ± 0.1f | 3.5 ± 0.4d | nd | 1.4 ± 0.3e | nd | 5.0 ± 0.4c | 6.8 ± 0.5b | 13.1 ± 1.3a |
| Σ Minerals | 1052.9f | 1750.0c | 2035.7b | 2135.0a | 2077.5e | 1542.2e | 959.9d | 716.8b |
| Sugars [mg/100 g] | ||||||||
| Rhamnose | nd | 19.6 ± 1.8c | 26.3 ± 1.9b | 37.7 ± 1.7a | 6.4 ± 0.6e | 5.9 ± 0.3e | 17.7 ± 1.1d | 27.6 ± 1.7b |
| Sorbitol | nd | 52.8 ± 2.5c | 33.7 ± 2.9d | 56.2 ± 3.2b | nd | nd | nd | 76.4 ± 2.6a |
| Sucrose | 1785.6 ± 5.2c | 1308.9 ± 4.7d | 950.5 ± 5.2e | 2399.3 ± 7.5a | 2153.6 ± 5.5b | 2140.5 ± 3.8b | 888.3 ± 7.5e | 1711.9 ± 8.3c |
| Σ Sugars | 1785.6c | 1381.3d | 1010.5e | 2493.2a | 2160.0b | 2146.4b | 906.0e | 1815.9c |
| In vitro activity | ||||||||
| Pancreatic α-amylase [IC50] | 148.9 ± 2.6a | 262.6 ± 3.1b | 276.5 ± 2.6c | 391.0 ± 1.3e | 262.1 ± 3.4c | 318.9 ± 3.3e | 281.0 ± 2.4c | 284.1 ± 2.8d |
| Pancreatic α-amylase [%] | 60.7 ± 2.6a | 43.1 ± 3.1b | 37.0 ± 2.6c | 26.8 ± 1.3e | 35.5 ± 3.4c | 29.0 ± 3.3e | 35.4 ± 2.4c | 32.5 ± 2.8d |
| Intestinal α-glucosidase [IC50] | 13.9 ± 1.1a | 16.1 ± 1.6a | 17.5 ± 1.3a | 17.6 ± 2.1a | 18.5 ± 1.6a | 17.7 ± 1.3a | 17.1 ± 2.5a | 15.2 ± 0.6a |
| Intestinal α-glucosidase [%] | 99.2 ± 1.1a | 99.9 ± 1.6a | 98.0 ± 1.3a | 98.0 ± 2.1a | 93.4 ± 1.6a | 98.4 ± 1.3a | 93.4 ± 2.5a | 98.1 ± 0.6a |
| Pancreatic lipase [%] | 127.2 ± 3.2 g | 38.5 ± 1.4ef | 49.5 ± 2.5c | 68.8 ± 2.6a | 36.3 ± 1.4f | 41.2 ± 2.6de | 57.1 ± 2.1b | 42.2 ± 1.9d |
| AChE [%] | 29.1 ± 1.3a | 27.3 ± 1.1b | 13.5 ± 0.9de | 12.7 ± 0.5e | 8.1 ± 0.9 g | 11.3 ± 0.6f | 17.1 ± 1.1c | 14.1 ± 1.3d |
| BuChE [%] | 10.1 ± 0.5b | 10.6 ± 0.9b | 1.9 ± 0.2d | 1.8 ± 0.1d | nd | 1.1 ± 0.1e | 7.3 ± 0.4c | 12.2 ± 0.5a |
†significant at p < 0.05; ‡Values (mean of 3 replications) followed by the same letter, within the same row were not significantly different (p < 0.05), according to the Tukey's least significant difference test.
n.d. – not detected; TT- tocotrienols; TF- tocopherols; vitamin E = α-tocopherols; SFAs – saturated fatty acids; MUFAs - monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFAs - polyunsaturated fatty acids; AChE – acetylocholinesterase; BuChE – butylocholinesterse; IC50 - mg/mL;