Table 1.
Regulatory effects of marine polysaccharides toward on dysbiosis.
| Sources of MPs | Model | Significant Changes in Intestinal Barrier | Significant Changes in Gut Microbiota | Significant Changes in Metabolism |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gracilaria Lemaneiformis (Han, Ma et al., 2021) | Colitis BALB/c mice | Claudin-1, ZO-1, Muc-2 ↑ TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β ↓ |
Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Corynebacterium_1, Enterorhabdus↑ Bacteroidetes ↓ |
GPR43, Olfr78, GPR109A and acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid ↑ |
| Undaria pinnatifida (Jiang et al., 2021) | High fat diet BALB/c mice | Mucosa structure; IL-10 ↑ Thickness of colonic wall; LPS; TNF-α ↓ |
Bacteroidetes ↑ Firmicutes, Desulfovibrionales, Clostridia ↓ |
Acetate, propionate, butyrate ↑ TC, TG, LDL-c, MDA↓ |
| Jellyfish skin (Cao et al., 2021) | Colitis C57BL/6 mice | Goblet cells colonic epithelial permeability; ZO-1, occludin, Muc-2, E-cadherin, Tff3 ↑ Histological score, inflammatory cell infiltration; TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β↓ |
Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Erysipelotrichaceae, Bradyrhizobiaceae, Verrucomicrobiaceae ↑ Bacteroidetes↓ |
Pionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, valerate, isovalerate↑ |
| Ascophyllum nodosum (Wang et al., 2020) | Antibiotic treatment C57BL/6J mice | TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6↓ IL-10↑ |
Verrucomicrobia, Ruminococcaceae_UCG_014, Akkermanisia↑ Proteobacteria Proteus Enterococcus↓ |
Acetic acid, propionic acid↑ |
| pacific abalone (Wu et al., 2020) | High fat diet BALB/c mice | — | F/B ratio↓ Prevotellaceae, Rikenellaceae, Flavobacteriacea↑ |
SOD, CAT, SCFAs↑ TG, TC↓ |
| oyster (Cai, Pan et al., 2021) | S180 tumour-bearing KM mice | Villus height, crypt depth, mucosa thickness, villus surface area and V/C ratio ↑ IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α↓ |
F/B ratio, Verrucomicrobia, Odoribacter↑ Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Akkermansia, Prevotellaceae_UCG-001, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group↓ |
To reverse the changes in nutritional and energy metabolism Acetic acid, propionic acid and n-butyric acid↑ |
| Cereus sinensis (Cui et al., 2021) | Antibiotic treatment C57BL/6 mice | Cecal villi were longer, thinner and relatively regular arrangement Inflammatory cell infiltration, edema of cecal tissue; IL-1β, IL-2, TNF-α↓ |
Phasecolarctobacterium, Bifidobacterium↑ Parabacteroides, Sutterella, Coprobacillus↓ |
Amino acid metabolism↑ Propionate, butyrate, acetate↑ |
* Abbreviations: Tight junction protein (TJs): Claudin-1, ZO-1, occludin; Muc-2, mucusin; LPS, lipopolysaccharide Inflammatory cytokines: TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-2; SCFA receptors: GPR43, Olfr78, GPR109A; Defective protein: E-cadherin, Tff3; Lipid metabolism related indicators: TC, TG, LDL-c; Oxidative stress correlation index: MDA, SOD, CAT; V/C ratio, villus height/crypt depth ratio; F/B ratio, Firmicutes/Bacteroides ratio.