TABLE 3.
Recommendations for primary aldosteronism (PA) screening in different categories of patients
| Subgroup | 2022 Taiwan Expert Consensus Document for Primary aldosteronism | 2016 European Society of Endocrinology Guideline 22 | 2020 Working Group on Endocrine Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension 21 | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Groups indicated by guidelines | ||||
| Patients with hypertension Stage 2 and 3 | 1C | 1C | recommendation | 15‐17,21‐22, 26–33,70‐79 |
| Drug‐resistant hypertensives | 1C | 1C | recommendation | 15‐17,21‐22, 26–33,70‐79 |
| Hypertensives with spontaneous or diuretic‐induced hypokalemia | 1C | 1C | recommendation | 7,27,36‐37 |
| Hypertensives with adrenal incidentaloma | 2C | 1C | recommendation | 22,24,38‐40,80‐85 |
| Hypertensives with a family history of early‐onset hypertension or cerebrovascular accident at a young age (< 40 years) | 1C | 1C | recommendation | 5,18,41‐56 |
| All hypertensives first‐degree relatives of patients with PA | 2C | 1C | recommendation | 5,18,41‐56 |
| Other groups with high PA prevalence | ||||
| Hypertensives with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) | 2C | 1C | suggestion | 21‐23,57‐67 |
| Groups in which indication is still debated or not suggested | ||||
| All hypertensives Stage 1 | Expert Opinion | Expert Opinion | Expert Opinion | 15‐17,21‐22 |
| Pre‐hypertensives | Expert Opinion | Expert Opinion | Expert Opinion | 15‐17,21‐22 |
| Hypertensives with atrial fibrillation unexplained by structural heart defects | 2D | 2C | recommendation | 65‐66 |