Table 2.
TCM promotes neuronal survival through insulin signaling pathway and related downstream pathways.
| Effects | TCM | Method | Animal | Cell | Insulin signaling pathway | Related downstream pathways | Toxic substances | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reduce Oxidative stress |
LSE | ICV-STZ HGPD |
Rats | / | serum insulin↓、HOMA-IR↓ | SOD↑、GSH↑、MDA↓、caspase-3↓ | Aβ↓、p-tau↓ | (113) Y. Tang, et al, 2018 |
| APS | APP/PS1 STZ/HFD |
Mice | / | serum insulin↓、HOMA-IR↓ | SOD↑、GSH↑、MDA↓、caspase-3↓ | / | (114) Y. C. Huang, et al, 2017 | |
| Thymol | HFD | Mice | / | p-IRS-1↓/p-AKT↑/GSK-3β↓ | Nrf2↑/HO-1↑、SOD↑、MDA↓ | Aβ↓、p-tau↓ | (116) H. Li, et al. 2017 | |
| P.harmala | AlCl | Rats | / | HI↑/p-IRS-1↓/AKT↑/GSK-3β↓ | Nrf2↑、GSH↑、Lipoperoxides↓ | Aβ↓、p-tau↓ | (117) R. Saleh, et al, 2021 | |
| Improve synaptic function |
EFAD | HFD | Mice | 3T3-L1 | p-IRS-1↓/p-AKT↑/p-AMPK↑ TNF-α↓、SOD↑、GSH↑、MDA↓、MMP↑ |
ACh↑、AChE↓ | Aβ↓、p-tau↓ | (124) S. Bin Park, et al, 2019 |
| Hup A | HFD | Mice | / | HI↑/p-AKT↑ | ACh↑、AChE↓ | BACE1↓ Aβ↓ |
(125) H. Ying Wang, et al, 2020 | |
| BS | ICV-STZ HFGD |
Rats | / | GSK-3β↓、serum insulin↓、HOMA-IR↓ TNF-α↓、IL-1β↓、SOD↑、GSH↑、MDA↓、caspase-3↓ |
ChE↓ GluR1↑、NR1↑、NR2 A↑ |
p-Tau↓ | (126) A.A.Gomaa,et al,2019 | |
| EC | ICV-STZ HFGD |
Rats | / | Gsk3β↓、serum insulin↓、HOMA-IR↓ TNF-α↓、IL-1β↓、SOD↑、GSH↑、MDA↓、caspase-3↓ |
AChE↓ GluR1↑NR1↑NR2A↑NR2B↑ |
Aβ↓、p-tau↓ | (127) A. A. Gomaa, et al, 2019 | |
| Reduce neuronal apoptosis |
Genistein | Apoe-/- ob/ob |
Mice | / | p-IRS-1↓/p-AKT↓/GSK-3β↓ | p-JNK-c-Jun ↓、NGF↑、 BDNF↑ | BACE1↓、PS1 ↓ Aβ↓、p-tau↓、 |
(120) R. Z. Li, et al. 2020 (121) Y. J. Park, et al. 2016 |
| Q3G | Aβ1-42 | Mice | SH-SY5Y | p-IRS-1↓/p-AKT↑/p-AMPK↑/GSK-3β↓/ TNF-α↓、IL-1β↓、IL-6↓、INF-γ↓、IL-10↑、 IL-5↑ |
p-JNK↓、CREB↑、 BDNF↑ | Aβ↓、p-tau↓ | (123) M. Xu, et al, 2021 | |
| Magnolol | TgCRND8 | Mice | / | p35/CDK5↓/Gsk3β↓ IL-6↓、IL-1β↓、TNF-α↓、CCR2↑ |
p-JNK ↓/JNK=↓、Bcl-2↑、Caspase-3↓ | APP↓BACE1↓ APH1↓PS1↓ Aβ↓、p-tau↓ |
(128) C. Qu, et al, 2021 | |
| IRN | TgCRND8 Aβ42 |
Mice | PRHN | IDE↑ IL-6↓、IL-1β↓、TNF-α↓ |
p-c-Jun↓/c-Jun=↓p-JNK ↓/JNK=↓ | APP↓BACE1↓APH1↓PS1↓ Aβ↓、p-Tau↓ |
(122) H. Q. Li,et al,2019 | |
| EGCG | APP/PS1 HFD |
Mice | / | PTP1B↓/GSK3β↓ | pERK↓、JNK↓ pEIF2α/ATF4/CHOP↓ |
ADAM10↑FURIN↑ Aβ↓ |
(129) M. Ettcheto, et al, 2020 | |
| DNLA | SAMP8 | Mice | BV2 | Gsk3β↓ | pERK↓ ER morphology↑、pEIF2α/ATF4/CHOP↓ |
Aβ↓、p-tau↓ | (130) C. Z. Feng,et al, 2019 | |
| STS | Aβ | / | HT22 | NEP↑ 、IDE↑ | pEIF2α/ATF4/CHOP↓p-PERK↓ | Aβ↓ | (131) D. P. Zhang, et al, 2020 | |
| T.chebula | Aβ25–35 HFD |
Rats | / | p-Akt↑/GSK-3β↓ TNF-α↓、IL-1 β↓ |
pFOXO1↑ | p-tau↓ | (132) S. Park, et al. 2018 | |
| FF | Aβ25–35 HFD |
Rats | PC12 | p-AKT↑/GSK-3β↓ TNF-α↓、IL-1 β↓ |
p-FOXO1↓ | / | (133) D. S. Kim, et al, 2022 | |
| Silibinin | STZ | Rats | / | IGF-1↑ | Bax↓、Bcl-2↑、caspase 3↓ | p-tau↓ | (118) P. Liu, et al, 2020 | |
| Reduce nerve autophagy |
BG | ICV-STZ | Mice | / | p-Akt↑/Gsk3β↓ cGMP↑/PKG↑/NF-ĸB↓/BDNF↑、IL-23↓、IL-27↓ |
AMPK↑、mTOR↓、 beclin-1↓ Wnt3a↑/β-catenin↓/cyclin D1↑ |
Aβ↓、p-tau↓ | (134) M. A. Salem, et al, 2021 |
| Improved energy metabolism |
Berberine | STZ HFGD |
Rats | / | p-IRS-1↓/PI3K↑/p-AKT↑/GSK-3β↓ PKC↑/IKK↓/NF-κB↓、TNF-α↓、IL-1 β↓ |
GLUT3↑ | BACE1↓、APP↓ Aβ↓ |
(135) Q. Chen, et al, 2017 |
| Acteoside | STZ | Rats | / | HI↑/IR↑/IRS1↑ | Glu T1↑、Glu T3↑、Glu T4↑ ROS↓、ATP/ADP↑ |
/ | (136) J. Chen, et al. 2021 | |
| Curcumin | APP/PS1 | Mice | / | p-IRS-1↓/PI3K↑/p-AKT↑、IR↓/IGF-1R↑ | GLUT1↑、GLUT3↑ | / | (137) P. Wang, et al, 2017 | |
| P.harmala | AlCl | Rats | / | HI↑/p-IRS-1↓/p-AKT↑/GSK-3β↓、GLP-1↑ ACh↑、AChE↓ |
GLUT4↑ | Aβ↓、p-tau↓ | (117) R. Saleh, et al, 2021 |
High fat diet, HFD; High sugar and fat diet, HFGD; Streptozotocin, STZ; Amyloid cleavage enzyme 1, Bace1; PRHN, primary rat hippocampal neurons; primary cultured rat hippocampal neurons, PCRHN.
The '↑' means up-regulation and '↓' means down-regulation.