Table 3.

TCM reduces toxic substances through insulin signaling pathway.

TCM	Method	Animal	T	Cell	Mechanism	Toxic substances	Reference
ACF	STZ HFGD	Rats	MWM Y	/	p-IRS-1↓/p-PI3K↑/p-AKT↑/GSK-3β↓	Aβ↓	(152) J. C. Li, et al, 2018
lychee seed	DXM	/	/	HepG2 HT22	p-IRS-1↓/p-PI3K↑/p-AKT↑/GSK-3β↓	p-tau↓	(153) R. Xiong, et al, 2020
Hup A23	HFD	Mice	MWM NOR	/	HI↑/p-AKT↑	BACE1↓ Aβ↓	(125) H. Ying Wang, et al, 2020
PF11	STZ	Rats	NB Y MWM	/	p-IRS-1↓/PI3K↓/p-AKT↑/GSK-3β↓ calpain I↓/CDK5↓	Aβ↓、p-tau↓	(154) L. Zhu, et al, 2021
Rg1	Aβ1−42	/	/	PCRHN	CDK5↓、p-PPARγ↓	APP↓、BACE1↓ Aβ↓	(155) Q. Quan, et al. 2020
NTR1	APP/PS1	Mice	/	N2a-APP695sw	PPARγ↑	Aβ↓	(156) Z. Li, et al, 2015
Magnolol	TgCRND8	Mice	MWM	/	Gsk3β↓/p35/CDK5↓	APP↓BACE1↓APH1↓PS1↓ Aβ↓、p-tau↓	(128) C. Qu, et al, 2021
FA	APP/PS1	Mice	MWM	/	PTP1B↓/p-IRS-1↓/p-Akt↑/GSK3β↓ NFKABAB/	BACE1↓ Aβ↓	(158) N. Y. Wang, et al, 2021
EGCG	APP/PS1 HFD	Mice	MWM ORT	/	PTP1B↓/GSK3β↓	ADAM10↑FURIN↑ Aβ↓	(129) M. Ettcheto, et al, 2020
DNLA	SAMP8	Mice	Y NOR	BV2	Gsk3β↓ Calpain I↓/p35/CDK5↓	Aβ↓、p-tau↓	(130) C. Z. Feng, et al, 2019
Rb1	STZ	Mice	MWM SDT	/	IDE↑、p35/CDK5↓ NMDAR1↑	/	(164) R. Yang, et al, 2020

TAnimal cognitive tests; peroxisome proliferator−activated receptor gamma: PPARγ.

Hippocampal insulin: HI; Nest building: NB; Morris water maze: MWM; Y-maze: Y; Open field test: OFT; Novel object recognition task: NOR; Step-down latency test: SDL; passive avoidance test: PA; Step-Down Test: SDT.

The '↑' means up-regulation and '↓' means down-regulation.