Table 2.
Hazard ratios of cardiovascular health metrics for type 2 diabetes for men †
| n/N | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P‐value | HR (95% CI) | P‐value | HR (95% CI) | P‐value | ||
| Smoking status | |||||||
| Ideal | 122/1,158 | 1.09 (0.87–1.37) | 0.44 | 1.08 (0.86–1.36) | 0.51 | 1.17 (0.93–1.47) | 0.18 |
| Intermediate | 68/416 | 1.16 (0.88–1.53) | 0.29 | 1.14 (0.86–1.51) | 0.35 | 0.97 (0.74–1.29) | 0.86 |
| Poor | 206/1,678 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Body mass index | |||||||
| Ideal | 66/1,153 | 0.24 (0.18–0.32) | <0.001 | 0.25 (0.18–0.34) | <0.001 | 0.38 (0.28–0.52) | <0.001 |
| Intermediate | 204/1,500 | 0.55 (0.44–0.69) | <0.001 | 0.56 (0.45–0.70) | <0.001 | 0.62 (0.49–0.77) | <0.001 |
| Poor | 126/599 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Physical activity | |||||||
| Ideal | 155/1,332 | 0.79 (0.63–0.98) | 0.03 | 0.73 (0.58–0.91) | 0.006 | 0.76 (0.60–0.95) | 0.02 |
| Intermediate | 75/617 | 0.84 (0.64–1.10) | 0.21 | 0.85 (0.64–1.11) | 0.24 | 0.77 (0.59–1.02) | 0.07 |
| Poor | 166/1,303 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Total cholesterol | |||||||
| Ideal | 202/2,094 | 0.57 (0.42–0.78) | <0.001 | 0.58 (0.43–0.79) | 0.001 | 0.95 (0.68–1.33) | 0.77 |
| Intermediate | 143/883 | 0.82 (0.60–1.13) | 0.23 | 0.82 (0.60–1.14) | 0.24 | 1.17 (0.83–1.63) | 0.37 |
| Poor | 51/275 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Blood pressure | |||||||
| Ideal | 112/1,655 | 0.47 (0.35–0.63) | <0.001 | 0.47 (0.35–0.62) | <0.001 | 0.57 (0.43–0.77) | <0.001 |
| Intermediate | 188/1,164 | 0.96 (0.74–1.23) | 0.72 | 0.96 (0.75–1.24) | 0.76 | 0.96 (0.75–1.25) | 0.79 |
| Poor | 96/433 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| No. CVH metrics | |||||||
| ≥4 | 17/561 | 0.17 (0.10–0.30) | <0.001 | 0.18 (0.10–0.31) | <0.001 | 0.33 (0.19–0.59) | <0.001 |
| 3 | 66/804 | 0.39 (0.27–0.56) | <0.001 | 0.39 (0.27–0.57) | <0.001 | 0.58 (0.40–0.85) | 0.005 |
| 2 | 127/976 | 0.56 (0.41–0.77) | <0.001 | 0.57 (0.41–0.78) | 0.001 | 0.72 (0.52–1.00) | 0.05 |
| 1 | 132/684 | 0.82 (0.60–1.12) | 0.21 | 0.82 (0.60–1.13) | 0.23 | 0.95 (0.69–1.31) | 0.75 |
| 0 | 54/227 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Model 1: Adjusted for age.
Model 2: Model 1 + further adjusted for educational level, marital status, family history of diabetes and history of cardiovascular disease.
Model 3: Model 2 + further adjusted for baseline fasting plasma glucose, and triglycerides/high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio.
The hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of each metric were estimated in a separate Cox proportional hazards regression model.
Defined according to the number of ideal metrics: zero or one (poor), two or three (intermediate) and four or five (ideal).
CVH, cardiovascular health; n/N, number of cardiovascular disease/number of participants by the level of each metric.