Table 3.
Hazard ratios of cardiovascular health metrics for type 2 diabetes for women †
| n/N | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P‐value | HR (95% CI) | P‐value | HR (95% CI) | P‐value | ||
| Smoking status | |||||||
| Ideal | 28/308 | 0.93 (0.63–1.36) | 0.70 | 0.93 (0.64–1.37) | 0.72 | 1.05 (0.71–1.54) | 0.81 |
| Intermediate | 8/69 | 0.85 (0.42–1.70) | 0.64 | 0.86 (0.43–1.73) | 0.67 | 1.06 (0.52–2.13) | 0.88 |
| Poor | 490/3,859 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Body mass index | |||||||
| Ideal | 59/1,342 | 0.25 (0.19–0.34) | <0.001 | 0.26 (0.19–0.35) | <0.001 | 0.44 (0.33–0.60) | <0.001 |
| Intermediate | 188/1,677 | 0.50 (0.42–0.60) | <0.001 | 0.51 (0.42–0.62) | <0.001 | 0.68 (0.56–0.82) | <0.001 |
| Poor | 279/1,217 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Physical activity | |||||||
| Ideal | 225/1,739 | 1.05 (0.86–1.28) | 0.63 | 1.03 (0.84–1.25) | 0.80 | 1.20 (0.98–1.46) | 0.07 |
| Intermediate | 125/1,032 | 0.98 (0.78–1.24) | 0.89 | 1.00 (0.79–1.25) | 0.93 | 1.13 (0.90–1.42) | 0.31 |
| Poor | 176/1,465 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Total cholesterol | |||||||
| Ideal | 226/2,646 | 0.70 (0.53–0.92) | 0.01 | 0.70 (0.54–0.92) | 0.01 | 0.86 (0.65–1.13) | 0.27 |
| Intermediate | 213/1,134 | 1.09 (0.85–1.41) | 0.48 | 1.07 (0.83–1.38) | 0.6 | 1.08 (0.84–1.40) | 0.53 |
| Poor | 87/456 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Blood pressure | |||||||
| Ideal | 228/2,797 | 0.38 (0.29–0.49) | <0.001 | 0.38 (0.29–0.50) | <0.001 | 0.63 (0.48–0.82) | 0.001 |
| Intermediate | 190/1,065 | 0.67 (0.53–0.85) | 0.001 | 0.68 (0.53–0.86) | 0.002 | 0.86 (0.67–1.09) | 0.22 |
| Poor | 108/374 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| No. CVH metrics | |||||||
| ≥4 | 9/429 | 0.12 (0.06–0.25) | <0.001 | 0.13 (0.06–0.25) | <0.001 | 0.30 (0.15–0.62) | 0.001 |
| 3 | 81/1,209 | 0.38 (0.27–0.52) | <0.001 | 0.38 (0.28–0.53) | <0.001 | 0.71 (0.51–1.00) | 0.04 |
| 2 | 157/1,274 | 0.59 (0.45–0.77) | <0.001 | 0.58 (0.45–0.76) | <0.001 | 0.90 (0.69–1.18) | 0.45 |
| 1 | 172/903 | 0.81 (0.63–1.03) | 0.08 | 0.79 (0.62–1.02) | 0.07 | 1.09 (0.85–1.40) | 0.48 |
| 0 | 107/421 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Model 1: Adjusted for age.
Model 2: Model 1 + further adjusted for educational level, marital status, family history of diabetes and history of cardiovascular disease.
Model 3: Model 2 + further adjusted for baseline fasting plasma glucose, and triglycerides/high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio.
The hazard ratio (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of each metric were estimated in a separate Cox proportional hazards regression model.
†
Defined according to the number of ideal metrics: 0–1 (poor), 2–3 (intermediate), and 4–5 (ideal).
CVH, cardiovascular health; n/N, number of cardiovascular disease/number of participants by the level of each metric.