. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Oct 5.

Published in final edited form as: Child Abuse Negl. 2021 May 19;117:105117. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105117

Table 3.

Effects of Childhood Exposure to Violence on Exhibiting Abusive and Neglectful Parenting: Moderating Role of Living in a Three-generation Household

	Psychological aggression		Physical aggression		Neglect
	(a)	(b)	(a)	(b)	(a)	(b)

	b (s.e.)		b (s.e.)		b (s.e.)
Childhood abuse	0.12 (0.02)^***	0.13 (0.02)^***	0.06 (0.01)^***	0.05 (0.02)^***	0.06 (0.02)^***	0.07 (0.02)^***
Living in a three-generation household	−0.04 (0.07)	0.17 (0.14)	−0.07 (0.05)	−0.12 (0.10)	−0.03 (0.06)	0.18 (0.15)
Childhood abuse
^* Living in a three-generation household		−0.10 (0.06)^ǂ		0.03 (0.05)		−0.11 (0.05)^*

Childhood neglect	0.13 (0.03)^***	0.14 (0.03)^***	0.07 (0.02)^***	0.07 (0.02)^***	0.09 (0.02)^***	0.10 (0.02)^***
Living in a three-generation household	−0.04 (0.07)	0.13 (0.16)	−0.06 (0.05)	−0.02 (0.12)	−0.03 (0.06)	0.20 (0.16)
Childhood neglect
^* Living in a three-generation household		−0.09 (0.07)		−0.02 (0.06)		−0.13 (0.06)^ǂ

Witnessing domestic violence	0.29 (0.05)^***	0.33 (0.05)^***	0.14 (0.04)^***	0.16 (0.04)^***	0.11 (0.04)^**	0.11 (0.04)^*
Living in a three-generation household	−0.06 (0.07)	0.07 (0.09)	−0.09 (0.05)^ǂ	−0.02 (0.07)	−0.02 (0.06)	−0.00 (0.08)
Witnessing domestic violence
^* Living in a three-generation household		−0.33 (0.14)^*		−0.20 (0.10)^ǂ		−0.04 (0.13)

Notes. Due to high correlations among childhood exposure to violence variables, we ran separate analyses for each independent variable. (a) refers to main effects models and (b) refers to two-way interaction models. Each model included covariates of socio-demographic characteristics (gender, race, age, educational attainment, and total household income), single parenthood, and treatment group status. Unstandardized coefficients are reported with standard errors in parentheses.

^ǂ

Significance levels are denoted as p <.10

p < .05

^**

p < .01

^***

p < .001.