Table 3. Multivariate analysis of risk factors for incident renal insufficiency.
| Variables | HR (95% CI) | P-valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 1.05 (1.01 – 1.09) | 0.03 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||
| <18.5 | 0.43 (0.04 – 4.19) | 0.47 | |
| 18.5 - 22 | 1.00 (Ref) | ||
| 23 - 25 | 0.66 (0.24 – 1.81) | 0.42 | |
| >25 | 0.42 (0.13 – 1.37) | 0.15 | |
| Mode of transmission | |||
| Homosexual | 1.24 (0.50 – 3.08) | 0.64 | |
| Heterosexual | 1.00 (Ref) | ||
| Bisexual | 0.31 (0.10 – 0.94) | 0.04 | |
| Unknown | 2.91 (0.58 – 14.50) | 0.19 | |
| Diabetes mellitus | |||
| Yes | 13.72 (4.39 – 42.91) | <0.0001 | |
| No | 1.00 (Ref) | ||
| Hypertension | |||
| Yes | 0.59 (0.18 – 1.97) | 0.39 | |
| No | 1.00 (Ref) | ||
| Dyslipidemia | |||
| Yes | 3.10 (1.25 – 7.69) | 0.01 | |
| No | 1.00 (Ref) | ||
| Baseline eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 0.91 (0.88 – 0.94) | <0.0001 | |
| CD4 at enrollment | |||
| >350 | 1.00 (Ref) | ||
| 201 - 350 | 0.47 (0.15 – 1.52) | 0.21 | |
| 101 - 200 | 1.38 (0.42 – 4.530) | 0.60 | |
| ≤100 | 2.78 (0.73 – 10.65) | 0.14 | |
| HIV viral load at enrollment | |||
| ≤400 copies/mL | 1.00 (Ref) | ||
| >400 copies/mL | 1.23 (0.49 – 3.10) | 0.65 | |
| AIDS-defining illness | |||
| Yes | 2.48 (1.05 – 5.84) | 0.04 | |
| No | 1.00 (Ref) | ||
| Years on antiretroviral treatment | |||
| <2 | 1.00 (Ref) | ||
| 2 - 5 | 0.49 (0.18 – 1.31) | 0.15 | |
| >5 | 1.38 (0.40 – 4.84) | 0.61 | |
| Tenofovir exposure | |||
| Never | 1.00 (Ref) | ||
| Less than 1 year | 1.45 (0.47 – 4.46) | 0.52 | |
| 1 year or more | 2.41 (1.01 – 5.77) | 0.047 | |
| NRTI exposure | |||
| Never | 1.00 (Ref) | ||
| Less than 1 year | 0.96 (0.08 – 11.96) | 0.98 | |
| 1 year or more | 1.68 (0.15 – 18.31) | 0.67 | |
| NNRTI exposure | |||
| Never | 1.00 (Ref) | ||
| Less than 1 year | 1.73 (0.32 – 9.27) | 0.52 | |
| 1 year or more | 3.88 (1.30 – 11.59) | 0.01 | |
| Protease inhibitor exposure | |||
| Never | 1.00 (Ref) | ||
| Less than 1 year | 3.40 (0.79 – 14.61) | 0.10 | |
| 1 year or more | 2.81 (0.73 – 10.85) | 0.13 | |
aCox proportional hazards regression model was adjusted for age, body mass index, mode of transmission, history of diseases (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia), level of eGFR, CD4, HIV viral load, AIDS-defining illness, Years on antiretroviral treatment, tenofovir exposure, NRTI exposure, NNRTI exposure, and protease inhibitor exposure.
HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval, BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; CD4, cluster of differentiation 4; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; NRTI, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor except tenofovir; NNRTI, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor.