Table 1. Overall and time-specific incidence of long COVID symptoms.
| Symptom | Meta-analysisa, % (95% CI) | Domestic (241 subjects) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| >6 months % | >12 months % | |||
| Systemic | ||||
| Fever | 1.1 (0.2 - 4.7) | 1.2 | 0 | |
| Fatigue | 31.0 (23.9 - 39.0) | 25.3 | 16.2 | |
| Dizziness | 4.5 (2.5 - 7.9) | 14.9 | 10.4 | |
| Cardiopulmonary | ||||
| Cough | 8.2 (4.9 - 13.4) | 8.7 | 7.1 | |
| Sputum | 5.5 (3.2 - 9.2) | 8.7 | 7.1 | |
| Sore throat | 4.7 (2.4 - 8.9) | 12 | 7.1 | |
| Dyspnea | 25.1 (17.9 - 34.0) | 5.4 | 2.9 | |
| Chest pain/chest discomfort | 6.4 (3.2 - 12.4) | 8.3 | 4.6 | |
| Palpitation | 9.7 (6.0 - 15.3) | 2.5 | 2.5 | |
| Gastrointestinal | ||||
| Anorexia | 17.5 (4.1 - 51.0) | 5.4 | 2.9 | |
| Nausea/vomiting | 6.7 (1.6 - 23.6) | 6.2 | 0.8 | |
| Abdominal discomfort | 18.0 (11.5 - 26.1) | 8.7 | 5 | |
| Neurological | ||||
| Headache | 4.9 (2.3 - 10.1) | 12.4 | 4.6 | |
| Seizures/cramps | 1.3 (0.5 - 2.9) | 0.4 | 0 | |
| Taste disturbance | 13.5 (9.0 - 19.9) | 6.6 | 3.3 | |
| Smell disturbance | 15.2 (10.8 - 21.0) | 8.7 | 6.2 | |
| Tingling/paresthesia | 9.1 (2.2 - 30.9) | 11.2 | 10 | |
| Neurocognitive | ||||
| Concentration impairment | 26.0 (21.0 - 31.7) | 25.3 | 22.4 | |
| Memory impairment | 17.9 (5.3 - 46.3) | 25.7 | 19.9 | |
| Other cognitive impairment | 17.8 (0.1 - 98.2) | 25.3 | 21.2 | |
| Psychological | ||||
| Depression | 8.1 (4.1 - 15.1) | 24.9 | 17.8 | |
| Anxiety | 18.7 (9.0 - 35.3) | 24.1 | 16.2 | |
| Sleep disorder (insomnia) | 18.2 (9.6 - 31.6) | 21.2 | 13.3 | |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder | 9.1 (3.7 - 21.0) | 7.9 | 5 | |
| Musculoskeletal | ||||
| Muscle pain/myalgia | 11.3 (6.2 - 19.8) | 6.2 | 1.7 | |
| Joint pain/arthralgia | 9.4 (5.7 - 15.0) | 11.2 | 6.6 | |
| Other | ||||
| Hair loss | 14.3 (5.3 - 33.2) | 17 | 14.9 | |
| Skin rash | 2.8 (1.0 - 8.2) | 10.8 | 6.6 | |
aMeta-analysis was conducted on a total of 10,951 patients with confirmed or clinically suspected COVID-19 in 12 countries, 12 weeks or more from the onset of symptoms.
COVID, coronavirus disease; CI, 95% confidence interval.