Table 1. Baseline Characteristics.
| Characteristics | No. (%) of patients | |
|---|---|---|
| Opioid-sparing protocol (n = 95) | Standard care (n = 98) | |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 42.3 (15.2) | 43.0 (15.3) |
| Sex | ||
| Men | 62 (65.3) | 58 (59.2) |
| Women | 33 (34.7) | 40 (40.8) |
| BMI | ||
| Mean (SD) | 29.1 (6.3) | 29.3 (6.8) |
| Underweight <18.5 | 1 (1.1) | 0 |
| Normal weight 18.5 to <25 | 27 (28.4) | 28 (28.6) |
| Overweight 25 to <30 | 32 (33.7) | 32 (32.7) |
| Obese 30 to <40 | 31 (32.6) | 35 (35.7) |
| Morbidly obese ≥40 | 4 (4.2) | 3 (3.1) |
| Use of tobacco products | ||
| None | 78 (82.1) | 82 (83.7) |
| Current smoker | 13 (13.7) | 8 (8.2) |
| Previous smoker | 4 (4.2) | 8 (8.2) |
| Alcohol consumption | ||
| None | 33 (34.7) | 35 (35.7) |
| Yes, <5 drinks/wk | 43 (45.3) | 35 (35.7) |
| Yes, ≥5 drinks/wk | 19 (20.0) | 28 (28.6) |
| Sport activity level prior to injury | ||
| None | 7 (7.4) | 6 (6.1) |
| Light | 17 (17.9) | 18 (18.4) |
| Moderate | 30 (31.6) | 44 (44.9) |
| Vigorous | 41 (43.2) | 30 (30.6) |
| Comorbidities | ||
| Back pain | 16 (16.8) | 11 (11.2) |
| Asthma | 6 (6.3) | 10 (10.2) |
| Depression | 3 (3.2) | 12 (12.2) |
| Diabetes | 3 (3.2) | 4 (4.1) |
| Osteoporosis | 2 (2.1) | 3 (3.1) |
| Anxiety | 0 | 2 (2.0) |
| Hypertension | 1 (1.1) | 1 (1.0) |
| Posttraumatic stress disorder | 0 | 2 (2.0) |
| Ulcers | 1 (1.1) | 1 (1.0) |
| Othera | 7 (7.4) | 5 (5.1) |
| Employment status | ||
| Employed | 66 (69.5) | 72 (73.5) |
| Retired | 12 (12.6) | 11 (11.2) |
| Student | 9 (9.5) | 11 (11.2) |
| Not employed, other | 8 (8.4) | 4 (4.1) |
Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index, calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.
a
One patient (1.0%) each in one treatment group: Lyme disease, multiple sclerosis, neck pain, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and obstructive sleep apnea. The following comorbidities were reported by 1 patient (1.1%) each in the other treatment group: anemia, cancer, B12 deficiency, fibroids, irritable bowel syndrome, hypoglycemia, and Parkinson disease.