Table 1.

Included studies (N=15).

Authors (year; country)			Participants (sample size)		Intervention		Control group		Adherence		Positive results		Null or inconclusive results		Gender (% female) and age (mean)
Calm
	Huberty et al (2019; United States) [40]	College students (n=88)		10 minutes of daily use for 8 weeks		Waitlist		On average, intervention participants completed 37.9/70 (54%) minutes of meditation per week over the course of the study		Improved stress, mindfulness, and self-compassion		N/Aa		88 Intervention: 20.41 years; Control: 21.85 years
Headspace
	Bennike et al (2017; Denmark) [26]	University staff novice meditators (n=95)		10 minutes daily for week 1, 15 minutes daily for week 2, and 20 minutes daily for week 3		Cognitive-training app use for 30 days		On average, intervention participants completed 302.7/450 (67%) minutes of the required meditation minutes over the study period		Improved dispositional mindfulness and mind wandering		N/A		69% in the intervention group; 71% in the control group Intervention: 41.4 years; control: 43.4 years
	Bjorkstrand et al (2019; Sweden) [27]	Adults without extensive meditation experience (n=26)		Daily 10-20–minute guided mindfulness meditation sessions over 4 weeks		Waitlist		On average, intervention participants completed 13.2 minutes of meditation per day		Improved retention of extinction learning on day 2		No effect on fear acquisition or extinction of conditioned response on day 1		79% (86% in the intervention group; 73% int he control group) 35.1 years (intervention: 35.6 years; control: 34.5 years)
	Bostock et al (2019; United Kingdom) [28]	Adult employees of 2 firms in the United Kingdom reporting work stress (n=238)		45 sessions of guided mindfulness meditation over 8 weeks		Waitlist		On average, participants completed 16.6/45 sessions (37%)		Improved global well-being, daily positive affect, anxiety and depressive symptoms, job strain, and workplace social support		Marginally significant improvement in systolic blood pressure. No effect on diastolic blood pressure		59% 35.5 years
	Champion et al (2018; United Kingdom) [29]	Adult novice meditators (n=74)		Daily use for 30 days		Waitlist		On average, intervention participants completed 6.21/10 (62%) sessions in the first 10 days and 11.66/20 (58%) sessions in the second 20 daysb		Improved satisfaction with life, stress, and resilience		N/A		55% 39.4 years
	DeSteno et al (2018; United States) [30]	College student novice meditators (n=46)		Daily meditation training (approximately 15 min) for 3 weeks		Daily logic problem		53/77 (68%) intervention participants completed all required sessions		Improved aggression		No effect on anger or executive control		Gender % not reported Age range: 18-24 years (average not reported)
	Economides et al (2018; United States) [31]	Adult novice meditators (n=88)		10 sessions in 1 month		Mindfulness or meditation psychoeducational audiobook		69/88 (78%) participants completed all sessions		Improved irritability, affect, and stress from external issues		No effect on stress from internal pressure		57% 28% aged 18-24 years; 26% aged 25-29 years, 27% aged 30-39 years, and 19% aged 40-49 years
	Flett et al (2018; New Zealand) [32]	College students (n=208)		Daily use for 10 days		Intervention arm 2: Smiling Mind app use; control: Evernote app use		On average, intervention participants completed 8.24/10 sessions (82%)b		Improved depressive symptoms and college adjustment (for both Headspace and Smiling Mind users). Improved mindfulness for Headspace users. (Improved resilience for Smiling Mind users). Improvements were maintained for participants who continued to use intervention apps		No differences in flourishing, stress, or anxiety. No effect on resilience for Headspace users. (No effect on mindfulness for Smiling Mind users)		Gender % not reported 20.08 years
	Howells et al (2016; United Kingdom) [33]	Adult app users (n=121)		10 minutes daily for 10 days		List-making app use (Catch Notes)		Not reported		Improved positive affect and depressive symptoms		No effect on satisfaction with life, flourishing, or negative affect		87% 40.7 years
	Kubo et al (2019; United States) [34]	Arm 1: patients with a diagnosis of cancer (n=72). Arm 2: their caregivers (26)		8 weeks of daily mindfulness sessions delivered via Headspace app		Waitlist		Not reported		Patients: improved overall well-being. (Caregivers: improved FFMQc observing mindfulness domain score)		Patients: no statistically significant differences in change in anxiety, depression, sleep, or fatigue		Arm 1: 69% Arm 2: 58% Mean age not reported
	Lim et al (2015; United States) [35]	College student novice meditators (n=56)		14 sessions plus daily quiz over 3 weeks		14 sessions of cognitive-training app plus daily questionnaire		Not reported		Improved compassionate responding		No effect on empathic accuracy		54% 19.4 years
	Noone and Hogan (2018; Ireland) [36]	College students (n=91)		30 mindfulness meditation sessions over 6 weeks		30 sham meditations delivered through Headspace interface		On average, intervention participants completed 15/30 (50%) sessions		N/A		No difference between groups in mindful disposition, critical thinking, or executive functioning		76% 20.92 years
	Quinones and Griffiths (2019; United Kingdom) [37]	Adult novice meditators with signs of compulsive internet use (n=994)		Daily 10-minute mindfulness podcast		Active control: muscle relaxation podcast. Passive control: waitlist		Not reported		Improved mindfulness and compulsive internet use in the intervention group compared to active control and waitlist groups		No differences between mindfulness and active control groups in anxiety or depression, but both outperformed waitlist group		Intervention group: 38%; active control: 42%; waitlist control: 37% Intervention group: 39 years; active control group: 40 years; waitlist control: 41 years
	Rosen et al (2018; United States) [38]	Women diagnosed with breast cancer (n=112)		Self-guided app-delivered mindfulness training for 8 weeks		Waitlist		On average, intervention patients used the app 18/72 (25%) days.		Improved quality of life and mindfulness.		N/A		100% Intervention group: 51.4 years; control group: 53.22 years
	Yang et al (2018; United States) [39]	Medical students (n=88)		App-delivered mindfulness training over 30 days		Waitlist		On average, intervention participants completed 11.97/30 (40%) sessionsb		Improved well-being and stress		No differences between groups for mindfulness		64% 25.11 years

^aN/A: not applicable.

^bSelf-report data.

^cFFMQ: Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire