TABLE 1.

Determinants of youths’ avoiding motorcycle helmets and taking up tobacco: similarities and differences (Singapore, 2021).

Influential factor	Helmet	Tobacco Uptake
	Avoidance
Public warnings of danger	Present	Present
Visibility of imminent danger	Absent	Absent
Scope for self-exemption from danger warnings	Present	Present
Declarative message of age-specific or generic law	Present	Present
Maturity symbolism of defiance	Present	Present
Peer pressure	Present	Present
Libertarian rhetoric	Present	Present
Threat of apprehension	Present	Present
Possibility of collateral social harm (load on hospitals, & c.)	Present	Present
Convenience/comfort	Present	Absent
Financial incentive	Present	Absent
Marketing pressure	Absent	Present
Addictiveness	Absent	Present