Table 1.
Multivariable adjusteda mean 25(OH)D concentrations and status overall and by population sub-group in Russia (n = 30,040), 2013–2018.
| N (% of total) | Mean, ng/mL | Median ng/mL (IQR) | Severely deficient (< 10 ng/mL), % | Deficient (10–19.9 ng/mL), % | Insufficient (20–29.9 ng/mL), % | Sufficient (30–149.9 ng/mL), % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 30,040 | 23.9 (23.7, 24.1) | 21.7 (16.1, 28.6) | 4.4 (4.1, 4.7) | 35.3 (34.6, 36.1) | 36.5 (35.8, 37.2) | 23.8 (23.1, 24.4) |
| Age group, y | |||||||
| 18–29 | 2,478 (8.2) | 22.9 (22.4, 23.5) | 20.9 (14.9, 27.9) | 6.3 (5.3, 7.2) | 37.9 (35.9, 39.9) | 34.0 (32, 35.9) | 21.9 (20.2, 23.5) |
| 30–44 | 7,520 (25) | 25.1 (24.8, 25.4) | 22.5 (17, 29.9) | 3.5 (3.1, 3.9) | 32.8 (31.6, 33.9) | 36.7 (35.5, 37.9) | 27 (25.9, 28.1) |
| 45–59 | 9,936 (33.1) | 24.1 (23.8, 24.4) | 22.4 (16.6, 28.9) | 3.8 (3.4, 4.2) | 33.3 (32.2, 34.3) | 38.8 (37.7, 39.9) | 24.1 (23.2, 25.1) |
| 60–74 | 7,990 (26.6) | 23.4 (23.1, 23.8) | 21.4 (15.7, 27.9) | 4.5 (4, 4.9) | 36.9 (35.6, 38.1) | 36.1 (34.9, 37.3) | 22.6 (21.6, 23.6) |
| ≥ 75 | 2,116 (7.0) | 21.0 (20.4, 21.5) | 18.4 (12.7, 25.9) | 11.2 (9.8, 12.7) | 43.6 (41.3, 45.8) | 28.0 (26, 29.9) | 17.2 (15.6, 18.9) |
| P-trend | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.006 | < 0.001 | |
| Sex | |||||||
| Female | 24,931 (83.0) | 24.3 (24.1, 24.4) | 22.0 (16.3, 29.1) | 4.1 (3.8, 4.3) | 33.6 (33, 34.2) | 37.6 (37, 38.2) | 24.7 (24.1, 25.3) |
| Male | 5,109 (17.0) | 23.4 (23.1, 23.8) | 21.4 (15.7, 28.1) | 4.8 (4.2, 5.3) | 37.3 (35.9, 38.7) | 35.2 (33.8, 36.6) | 22.7 (21.5, 23.9) |
| P-difference | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.03 | < 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.004 | |
| Season | |||||||
| Summer/fall | 11,543 (38.4) | 25.9 (25.7, 26.2) | 23.9 (18, 31.1) | 2.6 (2.3, 2.9) | 27.7 (26.8, 28.6) | 39.7 (38.7, 40.7) | 30.0 (29, 30.9) |
| Winter/spring | 18,497 (61.6) | 22.6 (22.4, 22.8) | 20.4 (14.8, 27.1) | 5.9 (5.5, 6.3) | 40.1 (39.3, 41) | 33.9 (33, 34.7) | 20.1 (19.4, 20.8) |
| P-difference | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
| Year | |||||||
| 2013–4 | 3,594 (12.0) | 24.7 (24.3, 25.2) | 23.3 (18.1, 29) | 1.8 (1.4, 2.2) | 32.2 (30.6, 33.9) | 41.7 (39.9, 43.4) | 24.3 (22.9, 25.8) |
| 2015 | 3,305 (11.0) | 24.2 (23.7, 24.6) | 22.4 (17.1, 29) | 2.6 (2.1, 3.2) | 33.5 (31.8, 35.2) | 39.7 (37.9, 41.5) | 24.2 (22.6, 25.7) |
| 2016 | 4,670 (15.5) | 24.5 (24.1, 24.9) | 22.8 (17.3, 29) | 2.5 (2, 2.9) | 31.9 (30.5, 33.4) | 40.3 (38.8, 41.8) | 25.3 (24, 26.6) |
| 2017 | 8,172 (27.2) | 24 (23.7, 24.3) | 21.9 (16, 29) | 5.0 (4.5, 5.5) | 35.1 (33.9, 36.2) | 36.1 (34.9, 37.3) | 23.8 (22.8, 24.8) |
| 2018 | 10,299 (34.3) | 23.1 (22.8, 23.4) | 20.4 (14.5, 28) | 8.0 (7.4, 8.6) | 38.0 (36.9, 39) | 31.8 (30.8, 32.9) | 22.1 (21.2, 23) |
| P-trend | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.002 | |
| Federal district | |||||||
| Central | 13,906 (46.3) | 24.3 (24.1, 24.6) | 22.3 (16, 29.7) | 4.4 (4, 4.8) | 34.3 (33.4, 35.2) | 36.1 (35.1, 37) | 25.2 (24.3, 26.1) |
| Far Eastern | 1,187 (4.0) | 27.2 (26.5, 27.9) | 24.8 (19.1, 32.4) | 2.0 (1.3, 2.8) | 22.9 (20.4, 25.4) | 44.0 (41.1, 46.9) | 31.1 (28.4, 33.8) |
| North Caucasian | 1,348 (4.5) | 19.2 (18.5, 19.8) | 16.8 (10.9, 24.3) | 14.6 (12.6, 16.6) | 45.4 (42.6, 48.2) | 25.7 (23.3, 28.1) | 14.3 (12.4, 16.2) |
| Northwestern | 4,341 (14.5) | 22.5 (22.1, 22.9) | 20.3 (14.5, 27.9) | 5.4 (4.8, 6.1) | 41.1 (39.5, 42.6) | 32.1 (30.6, 33.5) | 21.4 (20.2, 22.7) |
| Siberian | 4,159 (13.8) | 24.2 (23.8, 24.6) | 22.3 (16.8, 29) | 3.4 (2.8, 3.9) | 32.6 (31, 34.1) | 40.6 (39, 42.2) | 23.5 (22.1, 24.9) |
| South | 1,509 (5.0) | 24 (23.3, 24.6) | 21.8 (16.9, 28.3) | 2.5 (1.7, 3.2) | 33.2 (30.7, 35.6) | 42.9 (40.4, 45.5) | 21.5 (19.4, 23.5) |
| Ural | 1,397 (4.7) | 25.1 (24.5, 25.8) | 22.3 (15.8, 30.3) | 3.7 (2.8, 4.7) | 35.02 (32.5, 37.8) | 36.4 (33.8, 39) | 24.7 (22.4, 27) |
| Volga | 2,193 (7.3) | 23.4 (22.8, 23.9) | 20.9 (15.5, 29.1) | 4.8 (4, 5.7) | 36.5 (34.3, 38.6) | 36.4 (34.3, 38.6) | 22.3 (20.5, 24.1) |
| P-difference | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
aValues represent age group, sex, season, year of data collection and federal district adjusted means, quantiles or proportions estimated via marginal values following linear regression, quantile regression and multinomial logistic regression for the mean, median and proportions, respectively. Values are fixed at the average level for the population under study apart from sex, which was weighted to represent the Russian population (53.7% female). Values in parentheses are 95% CI except for N and the median, which are the percent of the total sample and inter-quartile range, respectively. Data are from 2013 to 2018 and are from all months of the year.