Fig 3.

Association between maternal consumption of ultra-processed foods during child rearing period and risk of overweight or obesity in offspring by risk factors. Relative risks and 95% confidence intervals for group with highest consumption of ultra-processed food (group 5) compared with group with lowest consumption (group 1) estimated using generalized estimating equation adjusted for maternal risk factors (baseline age, race, smoking, physical activity, total energy intake, 2010 Alternative Healthy Eating Index, body mass index (BMI), personal history of chronic disease, living status, household income, spouse’s education), and offspring’s risk factors (sex, consumption of ultra-processed foods, physical activity, sedentary time). Information for gestational weight gain is only available in GUTS I. P for heterogeneity was calculated using Cochran’s Q test