Table 1.
Sample characteristics by dead/alive at end of study
| N | All | Alive | Dead | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cohort | 195 | 154 | 41 | ||
|
| |||||
| Demographics | |||||
| Age at start of study (1 January 1998) | 195 | 31.7 (7.6) | 30.5 (7.5) | 36.1 (6.3) | <0.0011, * |
| Age at OAT start | 195 | 36.8 (6.8) | 35.9 (6.7) | 40.1 (6.0) | <0.0011, * |
| Age at death | 48.5 (6.8) | ||||
| Sex/male | 195 | 130 (66.7) | 97 (63.0) | 33 (80.5) | 0.0352* |
| 1 year or more ordinary employment3 | 128 | ||||
| No | 30 (24.4) | 28 (26.2) | 2 (9.5) | 0.1002 | |
| Yes | 98 (76.6) | 79 (73.8) | 19 (90.5) | ||
| Completed 7–9 years of compulsory schooling3 | 135 | ||||
| No | 22 (16.3) | 18 (15.9) | 4 (18.2) | ||
| Yes | 113 (83.7) | 95 (84.1) | 18 (81.8) | 0.7942 | |
| Completed 12 years of high school3 | 135 | ||||
| No | 91 (67.4) | 78 (69.0) | 13 (59.1) | ||
| Yes | 44 (32.6) | 35 (31.0) | 9 (40.9) | 0.3632 | |
|
| |||||
| OAT characteristics | |||||
| Years in study4 | 195 | 12.7 (1.6–17.8) | 13.2 (9.0–17.8) | 7.9 (1.6–14.2) | <0.0015, * |
| Years on OAT | 195 | 11.3 (1.6–17.8) | 12.0 (2.3–17.8) | 6.8 (1.6–14.3) | <0.0015, * |
| Experienced OAT interruption 1998–2016 | 195 | ||||
| No | 126 (64.6) | 98 (63.6) | 28 (68.3) | ||
| Yes | 69 (35.4) | 56 (36.4) | 13 (31.7) | 0.6502 | |
| First OAT start − period | 195 | ||||
| 1998–2002 | 98 (50.3) | 69 (44.8) | 29 (70.7) | ||
| 2003–2007 | 97 (49.7) | 85 (55.2) | 12 (29.3) | 0.0032, * | |
|
| |||||
| Health characteristics | |||||
| Somatic hospital treatment episodes before and during OAT, rate of episodes per 100 PY6 | 194 | 40.0 (0–280) | 40.0 (0–280) | 50.0 (0–220) | 0.2165 |
| In-patient psychiatric treatment episodes 2000–2016, rate of episodes per 100 PY | 191 | 5.9 (0–130.1) | 5.9 (0–130.1) | 0 (0–59.7) | 0.0425, * |
|
| |||||
| Years of substance dependence (alcohol) or non-medical use (other substances) until 2007–2008 3 | |||||
| Smoking nicotine | 128 | 28.4 (9.0) | 27.1 (8.3) | 34.9 (9.5) | 0.0021, * |
| Alcohol dependence | 127 | 0 (0–36) | 0 (0–36) | 7 (0–30) | 0.0005, * |
| Benzodiazepine/z-hypnotic use | 123 | 18.8 (9.8) | 18.3 (9.6) | 21.8 (11.0) | 0.1561, |
| Amphetamine use | 128 | 12.5 (0–36) | 11.0 (0–33) | 19.0 (0–36) | 0.0215, * |
| Cannabis use | 128 | 19.0 (0–45) | 19.0 (0–45) | 28.0 (0–40) | 0.0015, * |
| Heroin use | 127 | 12.2 (SD 6.7) | 14.0 (0–35) | 18.9 (6–35) | 0.0115, * |
| Injecting drugs | 128 | 16.2 (SD 7.9) | 15.1 (SD 7.6) | 21.6 (SD 7.3) | 0.0011, * |
| Polydrug use7 | 117 | 4 (1–6) | 4 (1–5) | 4 (2–6) | 0.0105, * |
Number (%) in categorical variables, mean (standard deviation − SD) in normally distributed8, and median (min-max) in non-normally distributed continuous variables. N = 195, follow-up cohort9.
Statistically significant difference, p < 0.05.
Independent-Samples t test.
Pearson χ2 test.
Interview information 2007–2008.
Total time in study: 2,109 patient years (PY) on, 221 PY off, and 112 PY with unknown OAT status.
Mann-Whitney U test.
In- and out-patient acute/subacute somatic hospital treatment episodes as of the last 5 years prior to the first OAT entry and up to the five first years on OAT in one or consecutive periods.
Number of substances with more than 5 years of dependence (alcohol) or non-medical use (opioids, amphetamines, benzodiazepines, cocaine, or cannabis) until 2008, score from 0 to 6.
8Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test.
9The original 2008 cohort comprised 200 participants who had started OMT 1998–2007, 5 persons declined to participate in the 2016 follow-up study.