Table 2.
Comparison of clinical parameters between the MET group and the MET-DUL group before and after treatment [( ± s), n (%)]
| Variables | MET | MET-DUL |
|---|---|---|
| Number | ||
| 0-week | 30 | 30 |
| 12-week | 30 | 29 |
| Male [n (%)] | ||
| 0-week | 17 (56.7%) | 18 (60.0%) |
| 12-week | 17 (56.7%) | 17 (58.6%) |
| Age (year) | ||
| 0-week | 43.5 ± 4.4 | 42.9 ± 5.3 |
| 12-week | 43.5 ± 4.4 | 42.9 ± 5.2 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||
| 0-week | 26.8 ± 2.7 | 27.1 ± 2.5 |
| 12-week | 26.7 ± 2.9 | 26.2 ± 2.6*Δ |
| SBP (mmHg) | ||
| 0-week | 141.3 ± 14.2 | 139.4 ± 12.3 |
| 12-week | 140.5 ± 15.1 | 136.8 ± 13.4 |
| DBP (mmHg) | ||
| 0-week | 94.1 ± 11.4 | 93.6 ± 12.2 |
| 12-week | 94.0 ± 12.2 | 92.8 ± 11.3 |
| FPG (mmol/l) | ||
| 0-week | 7.4 ± 1.1 | 7.5 ± 0.9 |
| 12-week | 7.0 ± 1.2* | 6.9 ± 1.0* |
| FCP (ng/ml) | ||
| 0-week | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.2 |
| 12-week | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.3 |
| HbA1c (%; mmol/mol) | ||
| 0-week | 7.2 ± 0.2; 55.2 ± 1.6 | 7.1 ± 0.3; 54.1 ± 1.8 |
| 12-week | 6.8 ± 0.2; 50.8 ± 1.5* | 6.6 ± 0.2; 47.5 ± 1.6* |
| TG (mmol/l) | ||
| 0-week | 2.2 ± 0.8 | 2.3 ± 0.9 |
| 12-week | 2.0 ± 0.9 | 1.9 ± 1.0 |
| TCH (mmol/l) | ||
| 0-week | 5.7 ± 1.3 | 5.6 ± 1.2 |
| 12-week | 5.6 ± 1.2 | 5.5 ± 1.1 |
| HDL-C (mmol/l) | ||
| 0-week | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.2 |
| 12-week | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.3 |
| LDL-C (mmol/l) | ||
| 0-week | 3.5 ± 0.5 | 3.4 ± 0.3 |
| 12-week | 3.5 ± 0.4 | 3.2 ± 0.4 |
| NO (μmol/l) | ||
| 0-week | 68.9 ± 14.7 | 71.6 ± 13.9 |
| 12-week | 74.6 ± 13.9 | 148.9 ± 18.6#☆ |
| VEGF (pmol/ml) | ||
| 0-week | 211.7 ± 25.8 | 208.3 ± 26.7 |
| 12-week | 219.5 ± 22.7 | 222.7 ± 27.1 |
| SDF-1α (pmol/ml) | ||
| 0-week | 2056.1 ± 512.3 | 1989.6 ± 531.7 |
| 12-week | 2079.4 ± 496.5 | 2098.5 ± 548.3 |
| CRP (mg/dl) | ||
| 0-week | 5.8 ± 1.1 | 5.7 ± 1.3 |
| 12-week | 5.7 ± 1.0 | 3.2 ± 1.1*Δ |
| TNF-α (pg/ml) | ||
| 0-week | 17.9 ± 7.8 | 16.4 ± 7.1 |
| 12-week | 15.6 ± 7.5 | 9.5 ± 5.8*Δ |
| IL-6 (ng/l) | ||
| 0-week | 126.1 ± 32.3 | 135.6 ± 30.8 |
| 12-week | 113.6 ± 29.7 | 88.6 ± 19.6*Δ |
| AGEs (ng/ml) | ||
| 0-week | 918.9 ± 104.5 | 922.4 ± 106.8 |
| 12-week | 883.6 ± 98.9 | 798.9 ± 88.4*Δ |
| EPCs (/106 cell) | ||
| 0-week | 27.2 ± 12.3 | 26.1 ± 13.4 |
| 12-week | 28.9 ± 13.4 | 45.8 ± 11.6*Δ |
| BaPWV (cm/s) | ||
| 0-week | 1587.4 ± 103.5 | 1576.7 ± 111.6 |
| 12-week | 1493.8 ± 99.4 | 1215.4 ± 103.8*Δ |
| EPA (OD value) | ||
| 0-week | 0.53 ± 0.06 | 0.53 ± 0.08 |
| 12-week | 0.60 ± 0.07 | 0.92 ± 0.09#☆ |
| EAA (cell numbers) | ||
| 0-week | 35.95 ± 9.73 | 36.82 ± 10.75 |
| 12-week | 36.23 ± 10.90 | 51.51 ± 11.92*☆ |
| EMA (cell numbers) | ||
| 0-week | 17.67 ± 8.32 | 18.89 ± 8.81 |
| 12-week | 18.17 ± 9.06 | 30.93 ± 10.14*Δ |
| ETF (μm) | ||
| 0-week | 3284.21 ± 245.46 | 3293.78 ± 248.73 |
| 12-week | 3325.46 ± 287.91 | 3672.82 ± 395.18#Δ |
Data are presented mean ± standard deviations or numbers (%)
MET metformin monotherapy group, MET-DUL metformin combined with dulaglutide treatment group, BMI body mass index, SBP systolic pressure, DBP diastolic pressure, FPG fasting plasma glucose, FCP fasting C peptide, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin A1c, TG triglyceride, TCH total cholesterol, HDL-C high density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low density lipoprotein cholesterol, NO nitric oxide, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor, SDF-1α stromal cell derived factor-1α, CRP C-reactive protein, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-6 interleukin-6, AGEs advanced glycation end products, EPCs endothelial progenitor cells, baPWV brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity, EPA endothelial progenitor cells proliferative ability, EAA endothelial progenitor cells adhesion ability, EMA endothelial progenitor cells migration ability, ETF endothelial progenitor cells tubule forming ability
*P < 0.05, #P < 0.01 relative to 0-week in each group; ΔP < 0.05, ☆P < 0.01 relative to 12-week in the MET group