Table 1.
Baseline characteristics.
| Variables | Mild/Moderate disease (all) N = 278 | ≥ 1 risk factors N = 204 | No risk factors N = 74 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 59.2 ± 19 | 67.2 ± 14 | 36.9 ± 8 | <0.0001 |
| Gender (male), n (%) | 161 (58) | 116 (57) | 45 (61) | 0.55 |
| BMI, mean ± SD | 26.6 ± 5.9 | 27.3 ± 6.1 | 24.7 ± 4.0 | 0.002 |
| IHD, n (%) | 41 (15) | 41 (20) | 0 (0) | <0.0001 |
| Atrial Fibrillation, n(%) | 21 (7.5) | 21 (10) | 0 (0) | 0.0002 |
| AICD, n (%) | 2 (0.7) | 2 (1) | 0 (0) | 0.26 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 29 (10) | 24 (11) | 5 (7) | 0.29 |
| Hypercholesterolemia, n (%) | 87 (31) | 85 (42) | 2 (3) | <0.0001 |
| DM, n(%) | 82 (29) | 82 (40) | 0 (0) | <0.0001 |
| HTN, n (%) | 111 (40) | 111 (54) | 0 (0) | <0.0001 |
| COPD, n (%) | 12 (4) | 12 (6) | 0 (0) | 0.006 |
| CRF, n (%) | 18 (6) | 18 (9) | 0 (0) | 0.0007 |
| Liver disease, n (%) | 8 (3) | 8 (4) | 0 (0) | 0.02 |
| Immunosuppression, n (%) | 6 (2) | 6 (3) | 0 (0) | 0.05 |
| Temperature (Celsius), mean ± SD | 37.4 ± 0.9 | 37.4 ± 0.9 | 37.5 ± 1.0 | 0.60 |
| O2%saturation, mean ± SD | 97.5 ± 2.1 | 97.4 ± 2.2 | 98.0 ± 1.6 | 0.11 |
| Heart Rate (beats/min), mean ± SD | 84.5 ± 15 | 84.3 ± 15 | 85.3 ± 15 | 0.63 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), (mean ± SD) | 134.6 ± 21 | 137.7 ± 22 | 126.2 ± 14 | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean ± SD | 77.1 ± 13 | 76.4 ± 14 | 78.8 ± 10 | 0.15 |
| Troponin-I (ng/L), median [IQR] [measured in 190 patients] | 8.5 [5, 19] | 6 [3, 9] | 5 [3, 7] | 0.36 |
| BNP (pg/mL), median [IQR] [measured in 192 patients] |
37.5 [14, 102] | 48 [18, 130] | 14 [7, 30] | 0.001 |
| EF (%), mean ± SD | 58.0 ± 6 | 57.5 ± 6 | 59.1 ± 4 | 0.02 |
| LVEDD index (mm/m2), mean ± SD | 23.5 ± 3.4 | 23.3 ± 3.6 | 24.0 ± 2.7 | 0.10 |
| LVESD index (mm/m2), mean ± SD | 15.2 ± 3.2 | 15.3 ± 3.4 | 15.0 ± 2.6 | 0.48 |
| Septal thickness (mm), mean ± SD | 8.7 ± 2.2 | 9.3 ± 2.1 | 7.2 ± 1.6 | <0.0001 |
| Posterior wall thickness (mm), mean ± SD | 9.2 ± 2.2 | 9.5 ± 2.2 | 7.8 ± 1.5 | 0.01 |
| LV mass index (gram/m2), mean ± SD | 69.4 ± 22 | 73.3 ± 23 | 57.3 ± 14 | <0.0001 |
| Stroke volume index (mL/m2), mean ± SD | 31.5 ± 9 | 31.1 ± 9 | 33.5 ± 9 | 0.10 |
| Cardiac index (L/min/m2), mean ± SD | 2.5 ± 2.3 | 2.7 ± 0.6 | 2.4 ± 0.7 | 0.35 |
| LA volume index (mL/m2), mean ± SD | 30.0 ± 12 | 31.7 ± 12 | 25.3 ± 10 | 0.0004 |
| E wave (m/s), mean ± SD | 67.2 ± 19 | 66.1 ± 20 | 71.2 ± 13 | 0.02 |
| A wave (m/s), mean ± SD | 61.0 ± 20 | 66.5 ± 19 | 48.7 ± 16 | <0.0001 |
| E/A | 1.15 ± 0.5 | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | <0.0001 |
| e′ septal (cm/s), mean ± SD | 7.1 ± 2.1 | 6.4 ± 1.9 | 8.9 ± 1.6 | <0.0001 |
| e′ lateral (cm/s), mean ± SD | 9.3 ± 3.2 | 8.1 ± 2.8 | 12.3 ± 2.5 | <0.0001 |
| E/e′ average | 9.4 ± 4.8 | 10.4 ± 5.4 | 7.1 ± 2.2 | <0.0001 |
| RA pressure (mmHg), mean ± SD | 7.2 ± 3.2 | 7.4 ± 3.5 | 6.6 ± 2.5 | 0.05 |
| SPAP (mmHg), mean ± SD [measured in 63 patients] |
30.9 ± 11 | 34.1 ± 12 | 23.3 ± 7 | <0.0001 |
| PAT (ms), mean ± SD | 92.5 ± 28 | 86.1 ± 26 | 107.0 ± 25 | <0.0001 |
| RVEDA index (cm2/m2), mean ± SD | 11.0 ± 2.2 | 11.2 ± 2.3 | 10.7 ± 2.4 | 0.26 |
| RVESA index (cm2/m2), mean ± SD | 6.2 ± 1.6 | 6.3 ± 1.7 | 6.1 ± 1.5 | 0.50 |
| RVFAC (%), mean ± SD | 43.0 ± 11 | 42.6 ± 6 | 44.6 ± 5 | 0.24 |
| TAPSE (cm), mean ± SD | 2.3 ± 0.5 | 2.2 ± 0.5 | 2.4 ± 0.4 | 0.0008 |
| RV S′ (cm/s), mean ± SD | 11.0 ± 2.6 | 11.0 ± 2.9 | 11.0 ± 1.8 | 0.82 |
Abbreviations - SD, standard deviation; IHD, ischemic heart disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRF, chronic renal failure; DM, diabetes mellitus; HTN, hypertension; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; LV, left ventricular; EF, ejection fraction; LVEDD, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVESD, left ventricular end-systolic diameter; LA, left atrial; RV, right ventricle; RA, right atrial; SPAP, systolic pulmonary peak pressure; PAT, pulmonary acceleration time; RVEDA, right ventricular end-diastolic area; RVESA, right ventricular end-systolic area; RVFAC, right ventricular fractional area change; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.