Table 1.
Patients’ Baseline Characteristics
| Total | HbA1c Level | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low (<5.7%) | Moderate (5.7–6.4%) | High (≥6.5%) | P value | ||
| N | 526 | 204 | 165 | 157 | |
| Age, years | 67.4±11.7 | 67.4±11.4 | 68.3±11.9 | 66.5±11.9 | 0.37 |
| Gender, n (%) | |||||
| Male | 415 (78.9%) | 160 (78.4%) | 130 (78.8%) | 125 (79.6%) | 0.96 |
| Female | 111 (21.1%) | 44 (21.6%) | 35 (21.2%) | 32 (20.4%) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.0±2.3 | 24.3±2.3 | 25.1±2.2 | 25.8±1.9 | <0.01 |
| HbA1c, % | 6.4±1.4 | 5.2±0.5 | 6.1±0.2 | 8.2±1.0 | <0.01 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | |||||
| Never-smoker | 157 (29.8%) | 66 (30.4%) | 49 (29.7%) | 46 (29.3%) | 0.52 |
| Ex-smoker | 266 (50.6%) | 99 (48.5%) | 80 (48.5%) | 87 (55.4%) | |
| Smoker | 103 (19.6%) | 43 (21.1%) | 36 (21.8%) | 24 (15.3%) | |
| Disease duration of COPD, n (%) | |||||
| <3 years | 190 (36.1%) | 81 (39.7%) | 56 (33.9%) | 53 (33.8%) | 0.07 |
| 3–5 years | 218 (41.4%) | 89 (43.6%) | 71 (43.0%) | 58 (36.9%) | |
| >5 years | 118 (22.4%) | 34 (16.7%) | 38 (23.0%) | 46 (29.3%) | |
| Frequency of hospitalization due to AECOPD in the past 12 months, n (%) | |||||
| <2 | 400 (76.0%) | 167 (81.9%) | 124 (75.2%) | 109 (69.4%) | 0.02 |
| ≥2 | 126 (24.0%) | 37 (18.1%) | 41 (24.8%) | 48 (30.6%) | |
| GOLD stage, n (%) | |||||
| Stage 1 | 25 (4.8%) | 7 (3.4%) | 10 (6.1%) | 8 (5.1%) | 0.89 |
| Stage 2 | 143 (27.2%) | 59 (28.9%) | 43 (26.1%) | 41 (26.1%) | |
| Stage 3 | 244 (46.4%) | 91 (44.6%) | 78 (47.3%) | 75 (47.8%) | |
| Stage 4 | 114 (21.7%) | 47 (23.0%) | 34 (20.6%) | 33 (21.0%) | |
| CAT score, n (%) | |||||
| 0–10 | 50 (9.5%) | 20 (9.8%) | 15 (9.1%) | 15 (9.6%) | 0.95 |
| 11–20 | 234 (44.5%) | 93 (45.6%) | 71 (43.0%) | 70 (44.6%) | |
| 21–30 | 208 (39.5%) | 81 (39.7%) | 67 (40.6%) | 60 (38.2%) | |
| 31–40 | 34 (6.5%) | 10 (4.9%) | 12 (7.3%) | 12 (7.6%) | |
| Corticosteroids use, n (%) | 420 (79.8%) | 164 (80.4%) | 131 (79.4%) | 125 (79.6%) | 0.97 |
| Comorbidity, n (%) | |||||
| Diabetes | 180 (34.2%) | 5 (2.5%) | 18 (10.9%) | 157 (100%) | <0.01 |
| Hypertension | 210 (39.9%) | 62 (30.4%) | 67 (40.6%) | 81 (51.6%) | <0.01 |
| Cardiovascular diseases | 300 (57.0%) | 95 (46.6%) | 95 (57.6%) | 110 (70.1%) | <0.01 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, Hemoglobin A1C; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; AECOPD, Acute Exacerbation of COPD; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; CAT, COPD assessment test.