Table 2. Role of LLLT in dentistry.

LLLT: low-level laser therapy; TMD: temporomandibular disorders; LPBM: laser photobiomodulation; OTM: orthodontic tooth movement.

LLLT in dentistry	Study	Conclusion
Orthodontics	LLLT was examined by Guram et al. (2018) about the length of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) and pain perception [40].	LLLT can lengthen the fixed OTM timing and lessen discomfort felt during orthodontic treatment.
Pedodontics	Yavagal et al. (2022) assessed and contrasted the clinical and radiographic success rates of formocresol pulpotomy and laser photobiomodulation (LPBM) at nine months following intervention in human primary molars [41].	In comparison to formocresol pulpotomy, the radiographic success rate of LPBM pulpotomy was noticeably higher, demonstrating that LPBM is a potential pulpotomy approach for young patients.
Oral surgery	In a systematic review and meta-analysis, Domah et al. (2021) examined whether LLLT is superior to placebo in lowering postoperative morbidity in individuals having their mandibular third molars surgically removed [42].	In comparison to a placebo, LLLT considerably lowers edema following mandibular third molar extraction. There is no evidence that LLLT can lessen trismus and postoperative discomfort. LLLT has no negative side effects. Evidence is currently lacking to support the investment in LLLT vs. the net clinical benefit. To offer firm recommendations to doctors regarding its use on patients, randomized controlled studies with bigger sample sizes, standardized study designs, and outcome measures are needed.
Endodontics	Metin et al. (2018) investigated the potential advantages of LLLT on the recovery of soft and hard tissues following endodontic surgery [43].	According to this study, LLLT helped soft and hard tissues heal after endodontic surgery and improved patient discomfort and quality of life, especially in the early phases of recovery.
Oral medicine	A systematic review by Maia et al. (2012) examined the impact of LLLT on people with TMDs' pain thresholds [44].	The majority of studies indicated that LLLT appeared to be useful in easing TMD discomfort. Interpreting these data, however, requires caution due to the heterogeneity of the standardization for laser parameters. Therefore, more studies must be done to reach a consensus on the appropriate application procedure for pain alleviation in TMD patients.