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. 2022 Oct 5;8:101. doi: 10.1038/s41421-022-00445-8

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a The landscape of inferred large-scale copy number variations (CNVs) for EPCs among all samples, paired with CNV features revealed by whole-exome sequencing (WES) in six GBC samples. Chromosomal locations are displayed on the top. The left annotation bar indicates sample IDs. The right bar indicates CNV-based categorization of epithelial cells. b Pie charts showing the relative abundance of mEPCs and nEPCs across samples with EPC counts ≥ 30 (n = 21). c Heatmap showing top 50 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between mEPCs and nEPCs. d Dot plots showing differentially enriched GO terms in mEPCs versus nEPCs. e Dot plots showing activities of transcription factors among mEPCs versus mEPCs. f The landscape of inferred CNVs for EPCs from CC1 and GBC11 (from the same patient), showing a small fraction of cells inferred as mEPCs in CC1. g Heatmap showing top-ranking DEGs for CC1-originated nEPCs, CC1-originated mEPCs, and GBC11-originated mEPCs. h Dot plots showing significantly enriched GO terms across CC1-originated nEPCs, CC1-originated mEPCs, and GBC11-originated mEPCs. i PLA2G2A expression across inflamed gallbladders (n = 17), GBCs in situ (Tis; n = 59), and GBCs (TNM II-IV; n = 48), illustrated by typical IHC staining images (scale bars, 200 μm; 20×) and boxplots (bottom-right) that compared PLA2G2A expression levels between three groups (Wilcoxon rank-sum test; ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001; NS not significant).