Fig. 3. The internal and surface protein modification of exosomes.

Exosomes can be modified by targeting internal proteins (adding protein cargo into the parent cell or exosome) and altering the surface (adding proteins onto the membrane of the parent cell or exosomes). Exosomes containing tumor antigens can stimulate antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) and drive antitumor immune responses in the human body. Engineered exosomes can also directly release antitumor proteins and attack tumor cells.