Table 2.
Sociodemographic and clinical variables associated with COVID-19 hospitalization
| Variables | Not hospitalized n = 1403 |
Hospitalized n = 512 |
p value | OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female gender n (%) | 1155 (82.3) | 394 (77.0) | 0.010 | 1.39 (1.09, 1.78) |
| Age (years) mean (SD) | 49.3 (13.5) | 57.2 (14.4) | < 0.001 | 1.04 (1.03, 1.05) |
| Ethnicity | ||||
|
Caucasian n (%) Mestizo n (%) Others n (%) Unknown n (%) |
722 (51.5) 603 (43) 32 (2.3) 46 (3.3) |
209 (40.8) 241 (47.1) 23 (4.5) 39 (7.6) |
< 0.001 |
Ref: Caucasian 1.38 (1.11, 1.71) 2.48 (1.41, 4.32) – |
| Socioeconomic level | ||||
|
High n (%) Medium–high n (%) Medium n (%) Medium–low n (%) Low n (%) Unknown n (%) |
34 (2.5) 85 (6.3) 262 (19.4) 707 (52.2) 266 (19.6) 49 (3.5) |
5 (1) 51 (10.2) 66 (13.3) 251 (50.4) 125 (25.1) 14 (2.7) |
< 0.001 |
Ref: High 1.71 (0.70, 5.15) 2.41 (1.02, 7.10) 3.20 (1.33, 9.49) 4.08 (1.62, 12.5) – |
| Education (years) mean (SD) | 13.5 (3.7) | 12.4 (3.9) | < 0.001 | 0.93 (0.90, 0.96) |
| Health insurance | ||||
|
Social security n (%) Private health n (%) Private health + social security n (%) Public health n (%) Unknown n (%) |
678 (48.3) 367 (26.2) 76 (5.42) 264 (18.8) 18 (1.3) |
251 (49.0) 100 (19.5) 24 (4.7) 132 (25.8) 5 (1.0) |
0.003 |
Ref: Social security 0.74 (0.56, 0.96) 0.85 (0.52, 1.36) 1.35 (1.05, 1.74) – |
| Rheumatic disease | ||||
|
Rheumatoid arthritis n (%) Systemic lupus erythematosus n(%) Spondyloarthritis n (%) Sjögren’s syndrome n (%) Systemic sclerosis n (%) Vasculitis n (%) Antiphospholipid syndrome n (%) Inflammatory myopathy n (%) Osteoarthritis n (%) Fibromyalgia n (%) |
591 (42.1) 228 (16.3) 149 (10.6) 75 (5.4) 51 (3.6) 34 (2.4) 36 (2.6) 30 (2.1) 108 (7.7) 58 (4.1) |
217 (42.4) 80 (15.6) 37 (7.2) 27 (5.3) 27 (5.3) 31 (6.1) 12 (2.3) 21 (4.1) 33 (6.5) 14 (2.7) |
0.961 0.795 0.033 1.000 0.044 < 0.001 0.912 0.028 0.407 0.197 |
1.01 (0.82, 1.20) 0.95 (0.72, 1.25) 0.66 (0.44, 0.94) 0.99 (0.62, 1.53) 1.65 (1.03, 2.60) 2.60 (1.57, 4.27) 0.91 (0.45, 1.72) 1.96 (1.10, 3.43) 0.83 (0.54, 1.22) 0.65 (0.35, 1.15) |
| Disease duration (years) mean (SD) | 8.4 (7.4) | 9.3 (8.3) | 0.111 | 1.01 (1.00, 1.03) |
| Disease activity | ||||
|
Remission n (%) Low disease activity n (%) Moderate disease activity n (%) High disease activity n (%) Unknown/not applicable n (%) |
506 (38.7) 561 (43) 211 (16.2) 28 (2.1) 97 (6.9) |
128 (27.9) 187 (40.8) 108 (23.6) 35 (7.6) 54 (10.5) |
< 0.001 |
Ref: Remission 1.32 (1.02, 1.70) 2.02 (1.49, 2.74) 4.94 (2.91, 8.48) – |
| Treatment | ||||
| Glucocorticoid dose | ||||
|
0 mg/day n (%) ≤ 5 mg/day n (%) > 5 mg/day n (%) Dose unknown |
961 (69.2) 382 (27.5) 43 (3.10) 3 (0.216) |
247 (49.0) 209 (41.5) 48 (9.52) 0 (0) |
< 0.001 |
Ref: 0 mg/day 2.13 (1.71, 2.65) 4.34 (2.81, 6.73) – |
| Conventional DMARDs | ||||
| Methotrexate n (%) | 545 (38.8) | 169 (33) | 0.022 | 0.78 (0.63, 0.96) |
| Antimalarials n (%) | 278 (19.8) | 83 (16.2) | 0.086 | 0.78 (0.60, 1.02) |
| Leflunomide n (%) | 106 (7.6) | 42 (8.2) | 0.709 | 1.09 (0.75, 1.58) |
| Sulfasalazine n (%) | 10 (0.7) | 5 (1) | 0.563 | 1.37 (0.43, 3.89) |
| Immunosuppressants | ||||
| Mycophenolate mofetil n (%) | 65 (4.6) | 29 (5.7) | 0.421 | 1.24 (0.78, 1.92) |
| Azathioprine n (%) | 47 (3.4) | 32 (6.3) | 0.007 | 1.92 (1.20, 3.04) |
| Cyclophosphamide n (%) | 2 (0.1) | 4 (0.8) | 0.047 | 5.52 (1.07, 39.9) |
| Cyclosporine n (%) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0) | 1.000 | – |
| Biological DMARDs | ||||
| TNF-α inhibitors n (%) | 170 (12.1) | 34 (6.6) | < 0.001 | 0.52 (0.35, 0.75) |
| Rituximab n (%) | 17 (1.2) | 21 (4.1) | < 0.001 | 3.49 (1.83, 6.75) |
| IL-6 inhibitors n (%) | 17 (1.2) | 7 (1.4) | 0.969 | 1.13 (0.43, 2.64) |
| Abatacept n (%) | 16 (1.1) | 8 (1.6) | 0.615 | 1.38 (0.55, 3.15) |
| IL-17 inhibitors n (%) | 21 (1.5) | 3 (0.6) | 0.176 | 0.39 (0.09, 1.13) |
| IL-23 or IL-12/23 inhibitors n (%) | 6 (0.4) | 2 (0.4) | 1.000 | 0.91 (0.13, 3.98) |
| Belimumab n (%) | 6 (0.4) | 1 (0.2) | 0.683 | 0.46 (0.02, 2.68) |
| Targeted synthetic DMARDs | ||||
| JAK inhibitors n (%) | 59 (4.2) | 25 (4.9) | 0.607 | 1.15 (0.70, 1.83) |
| Apremilast n (%) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.4) | 0.071 | – |
|
Comorbidities n (%) Arterial hypertension n (%) Obesity n (%) Dyslipidemia n (%) Lung disease n (%) Diabetes n (%) Cardiovascular disease n (%) Cancer n (%) Chronic kidney failure n (%) Cerebrovascular disease n (%) |
534 (39.5) 257 (19.1) 133 (9.9) 139 (10.4) 81 (6.1) 69 (5.2) 25 (1.9) 27 (2) 12 (0.9) 6 (0.4) |
349 (70.8) 207 (42.2) 110 (22.9) 102 (21.6) 104 (21.4) 75 (15.4) 75 (15.4) 16 (3.3) 22 (4.5) 11 (2.3) |
< 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 0.152 < 0.001 < 0.001 |
3.71 (2.98, 4.65) 3.09 (2.47, 3.87) 2.70 (2.04, 3.56) 2.38 (1.79, 3.15) 4.22 (3.10, 5.79) 3.36 (2.38, 4.75) 4.16 (2.47, 7.10) 1.66 (0.87, 3.08) 5.24 (2.62, 11.0) 5.18 (1.96, 15.10) |
| Smoking status | ||||
|
Current smoker n (%) Past smoker n (%) Never n (%) Unknown n (%) |
83 (6.60) 240 (19.1) 935 (74.3) 145 (10.3) |
23 (5.2) 142 (32.2) 276 (62.6) 71 (13.9) |
< 0.001 |
Ref: Current smoker 2.14 (1.31, 3.61) 1.07 (0.67, 1.76) – |
n number, SD standard deviation, ref reference, DMARDs disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, TNF tumor necrosis factor, IL interleukin