Table 2.
Univariable association between individual risk factors and ARF, adjusted for sociodemographic matching variables.
| Exposure (in 4 weeks prior to interview and based on questionnaire data unless otherwise stated) | Cases (n = 124) |
Controls (n = 372) |
aOR (95% CI)⁎ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | %⁎⁎ | n | %⁎⁎ | ||||
| Potential initiating infections, self-reported | |||||||
| Throat infection | Yes | 60 | 48·4 | 106 | 28·5 | 2·33 (1·49-3·62) | |
| No | 59 | 47·6 | 263 | 70·7 | |||
| Skin infection | Yes | 27 | 21·8 | 37 | 9.9 | 2·53 (1·44-4·42) | |
| No | 96 | 77·4 | 335 | 90·1 | |||
| Throat and skin infection | Yes | 13 | 10·5 | 9 | 2·4 | 15·32 (3·37-69·60) | |
| No throat or skin infections | 46 | 37.1 | 237 | 63.7 | |||
| Scabies | Yes | 7 | 5·6 | 5 | 1·3 | 5·90 (1·74-20·04) | |
| No | 117 | 94·4 | 364 | 97·8 | |||
| Environmental exposures, including social contacts and housing | |||||||
| Housing tenure | Rented | 97 | 78·2 | 234 | 62·9 | 3·48 (1·81-6·70) | |
| Owned by occupant | 17 | 13·7 | 104 | 28·0 | |||
| Exposure to damp and mould in the home | 1-3 indicators | 75 | 60·5 | 141 | 37·9 | 3.03 (1.88-4.92) | |
| None | 49 | 39·5 | 230 | 61·8 | |||
| Exposure to cold in the home | 1-4 indicators | 92 | 74·2 | 231 | 62·1 | 1·99 (1·22-3·33) | |
| None | 32 | 25·8 | 139 | 37·4 | |||
| Structural household crowding (American Crowding Index) | Crowded | 31 | 25·0 | 25 | 6·7 | 6·04(3·03-12·04) | |
| Uncrowded | 93 | 75·0 | 342 | 91·9 | |||
| Functional household crowding (Sharing a sleeping room to stay warm) | Yes | 34 | 27·4 | 46 | 12·4 | 3·26 (1·78-5·97) | |
| No | 90 | 72·6 | 321 | 86·3 | |||
| Number of people usually sharing child's bed | ≥ 1 person | 65 | 52·4 | 143 | 38·4 | 2.28 (1.44-3.60) | |
| No one | 59 | 47·6 | 229 | 61·6 | |||
| Limited hot water for bath or shower | 1-2 indicators | 28 | 22·6 | 41 | 11·0 | 2.45 (1.29-4.74) | |
| None | 74 | 59·7 | 291 | 78·2 | |||
| Smoker living in house | Yes | 74 | 59·7 | 181 | 48·7 | 1·78 (1·12-2·81) | |
| No | 50 | 40·3 | 191 | 51·3 | |||
| Number of social gatherings outside of home | 4-9 activities | 54 | 43.5 | 212 | 57.0 | 0.59 (0.30-0.89) | |
| 0-3 activities | 70 | 56.5 | 160 | 43.0 | |||
| Health services access, use, and health literacy | |||||||
| Barriers to accessing primary health care in last 12 months (composite of 5 questions) | 1-5 barriers | 63 | 50·8 | 117 | 31·5 | 2·12 (1·36-3·32) | |
| None | 61 | 49·2 | 255 | 68·5 | |||
| Child attended a school with a sore throat management programme (linked school and health records) | Yes | 44 | 35·5 | 108 | 29·0 | 1.94 (1.06-3.55) | |
| No | 67 | 54·0 | 232 | 62·4 | |||
| Seen dental care worker when required in last 12 months | Yes | 14 | 11·3 | 34 | 9·1 | 1·18 (0·59-2·33) | |
| No | 109 | 87.9 | 337 | 90·6 | |||
| ARF health literacy (composite of 3 questions) | 2-3 indicators | 18 | 14·5 | 83 | 22·3 | 0·52 (0·28-0·95) | |
| 0-1 indicators | 106 | 85·5 | 287 | 77·2 | |||
| Health status, oral health, and nutrition | |||||||
| General health prior to illness/interview (self-rated or parent-rated on 5-point scale) | Poor/fair | 9 | 7·3 | 7 | 1.9 | 4.06 (1.36-12.10) | |
| Good/very good/excellent | 115 | 92·7 | 365 | 98·1 | |||
| Tonsils or adenoids removed at any time | Yes | 3 | 2·4 | 26 | 7.0 | 0·31 (0·09-1·08) | |
| No | 120 | 96·8 | 344 | 92·5 | |||
| Average fruit servings eaten per day | <1 servings | 33 | 26.6 | 71 | 19.1 | 1·40 (0·84-2·32) | |
| 1-4+ servings | 91 | 73.4 | 301 | 80.9 | |||
| Average vegetable servings eaten per day | <1 servings | 41 | 33·1 | 85 | 22·8 | 1·66(1·02-2·69) | |
| 1-4+ servings | 83 | 66.9 | 287 | 77·2 | |||
| Number of sugar-sweetened beverages (can or large glass) per day | 1-9 beverages | 71 | 57.3 | 136 | 36.6 | 2·34 (1·50-3·66) | |
| None | 53 | 42·7 | 230 | 61·8 | |||
| Poor oral health based on decayed, missing, filled permanent and deciduous teeth (linked dental records) | 1-10+ | 82 | 66·1 | 204 | 54·8 | 1.48 (0.93-2.38) | |
| No | 40 | 32·3 | 138 | 37·1 | |||
| Social determinants | |||||||
| NZiDep score of caregiver | ≥2 | 76 | 61·3 | 146 | 39·2 | 3·18 (1·92-5·26) | |
| <2 | 47 | 37·9 | 225 | 60·5 | |||
| Predisposing factors | |||||||
| Family history of ARF (blood relative diagnosed with ARF/RHD) | Yes | 56 | 45·2 | 73 | 19·6 | 3·73 (2·23-5·62) | |
| No | 64 | 51·6 | 292 | 78·5 | |||
| Number of grandparents with any Māori/Pacific ethnicity | 4 | 106 | 85.5 | 209 | 56·2 | 5.83 (3.15-10.81) | |
| 0-3 | 18 | 14·5 | 163 | 43·8 | |||
⁎
Adjusted odds ratio (aOR), adjusted by age, sex, ethnicity, deprivation (NZDep13), region (DHB); and 95% confidence interval (95%CI).
⁎⁎
Missing values not show so percentages may add up to less than 100% .