TABLE 4.

UPAVAN intervention costs and cost-efficiency by intervention arm¹

Description	AGRI	AGRI-NUT	AGRI-NUT + PLA
Program costs and program cost-efficiency (US$)2
Total cost	272,121	366,686	386,907
Total cost per primary intervention participant3	62	84	78
Annual cost per primary intervention participant4	18	25	23
Total cost per point of contact5	0.64	0.92	1.17
Societal costs, US$
Total costs to the public healthcare providers	6125	4735	5025
Costs of increase in use of services	7793	1680	5096
Opportunity costs of involvement of frontline workers in interventions	3527	4174	3326
Total opportunity costs to the participants of attending the dissemination group meetings and home visits6	266,228	248,814	209,433
Total societal costs and cost efficiency, US$
Program + provider costs	283,441	372,541	395,329
Societal costs (program + provider + participant)	549,668	621,355	604,762
Total societal cost per primary intervention participant	125	143	122
Total societal cost per points of contact	1.29	1.55	1.82

¹AGRI, nutrition-sensitive agriculture intervention; AGRI-NUT, nutrition-sensitive and nutrition-specific agriculture intervention; AGRI-NUT + PLA, nutrition sensitive and nutrition-specific agriculture intervention using participatory learning and action approach; PLA, participatory learning and action; UPAVAN, Upscaling Participatory Action and Videos for Agriculture and Nutrition

²2019 US$.

³Primary intervention participants were pregnant women and mothers of children 0–23 mo of age who attended ≥1 dissemination group meeting and received a follow-up home visit.

⁴Mean annual total costs over a time horizon of 41 mo.

⁵Total points of contact is sum of total dissemination meeting attendance and total home visits.

⁶Included costs incurred by primary intervention participants and all other women who attended ≥1 dissemination group meeting.