TABLE 2.
Summary of reported associations between bacteria on different taxonomic levels and insulin-related outcomes1
| Gut microbiota | Insulin2 | Postprandial insulin | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted association | Adjusted for body measures3 | Adjusted for metabolic drugs4 | SCFAs or enzymes measured | ||
| Phyla | |||||
| Bacteroidetes | ↓ (48, 89) | ||||
| ↑ (60) | (60) | ||||
| Firmicutes | ↓ (48) | ↓ (41, 60) | ↓ (39, 41) | (60) | |
| ↑ (39) | |||||
| Proteobacteria | ↓ (41) | ↓ (41) | |||
| ↑ (89) | ↑ (60) | (60) | |||
| Order | |||||
| Eubacteriales5 | ↓ (39, 41) | ||||
| ↑ (39) | |||||
| Families | |||||
| Clostridiaceae | ↓ (45, 78, 95) | ↓ (45, 78) | |||
| Lachnospiraceae | ↓ (39, 41, 45) | ||||
| ↑ (41) | |||||
| Oscillospiraceae6 | ↓ (60) | ↓ (45) | (60) | ||
| Genera | |||||
| Bifidobacterium | ↓ (48) | ↓ (58) | ↓ (58) | ||
| Blautia | ↑ (39, 45) | ||||
| Clostridium | ↓ (78) | ↓ (39, 45, 78) | |||
| ↑ (39) | |||||
| Prevotella | ↑ (48, 87) | ||||
| Species | |||||
| Akkermansia muciniphila | ↓ (46, 48, 50) | ↓ (47) | ↓ (47) | (46) | |
| Bacteroides intestinalis | ↓ (40) | ↓ (41) | |||
| Bifidobacterium longum | ↓ (58) | ↓ (39) | ↓ (39) | ||
| Blautia coccoides group | ↓ (58) | ↓ (58, 59) | |||
| Clostridium leptum group | ↓ (42, 48) | ↓ (59) | ↓ (58, 59) | ||
| Faecalibacterium prausnitzii | ↓ (40, 42) | ↓ (41) | ↓ (39, 41) | ↓ (37, 38) | |
Associations with postprandial insulin concentrations and remaining insulin outcomes are shown separately and further divided according to whether estimations were unadjusted or accounting for body measures and/or metabolic drugs and whether SCFAs or genes encoding for enzymes in SCFA biosynthesis were analyzed. ↓ and ↑ refer to inverse and direct associations, respectively.
Insulin includes the studied outcomes fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, and measures of insulin resistance/sensitivity and comparisons between groups of individuals with or without insulin resistance.
Body measures refers to BMI, body weight, body fat or body fat percentage, waist circumference, or waist-to-hip ratio.
Metabolic drugs include drugs such as antidiabetic drugs and drugs lowering blood pressure or blood lipids.
Previsously Clostridiales.
Previously Ruminococcaceae.