TABLE 1.
Baseline age-standardized main characteristics of the study population (n = 26,733) by drinking water calcium and magnesium exposure1
| Ca/Mg exposure | ||
|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Low Ca/Mg (Ca <50 mg/L and Mg <10 mg/L)(mean ± SD: 29 ± 7; 5 ± 1 mg/L) | High Ca/Mg (Ca ≥50 mg/L or Mg ≥10 mg/L)(mean ± SD: 52 ± 20; 10 ± 3 mg/L) |
| Number of participants | 14,592 | 12,141 |
| Age, mean ± SD, y | 62 ± 9 | 62 ± 10 |
| Education, y, % | ||
| ≤9 | 46 | 35 |
| 10–11 | 30 | 28 |
| ≥12 | 24 | 38 |
| Household income, 1000 SEK/y, mean ± SD | 231 ± 139 | 244 ± 197 |
| Median area-level income, 1000 SEK2/y, mean ± SD | 239 ± 37 | 254 ± 42 |
| Smoking status, % | ||
| Never | 53 | 52 |
| Former, <10 cigarettes/d | 11 | 12 |
| Former ≥10 cigarettes/d | 11 | 12 |
| Current <10 cigarettes/d | 10 | 11 |
| Current ≥10 cigarettes/d | 14 | 12 |
| BMI, kg/cm2, % | 25.1 ± 3.9 | 24.7 ± 3.9 |
| High cholesterol, % | 7 | 9 |
| Prevalent diabetes, % | 4 | 4 |
| Family history of cardiovascular disease, % | 17 | 16 |
| Physical activity, % | ||
| Walk/bike ≥40 min/d | 36 | 39 |
| Exercise ≥1 h/wk | 82 | 81 |
| Alcohol consumption, % | ||
| Never drinker | 13 | 10 |
| Former drinker | 4 | 4 |
| Drinker, ≤3 glasses/wk | 54 | 52 |
| Drinker, 3–7 glasses/wk | 21 | 24 |
| Drinker, ≥7 glasses/wk | 8 | 10 |
| Calcium intake, mean ± SD, mg/d | 1049 ± 301 | 1046 ± 302 |
| Magnesium intake, mean ± SD, mg/d | 319 ± 43 | 320 ± 44 |
| Calcium supplements, % | 1 | 1 |
| Magnesium supplements, % | 4 | 3 |
1
Ca, calcium; Mg, magnesium.
2
1000 SEK = 100 EUR or 121 USD (exchange rate February 2021).