TABLE 2.
Hazard ratios of myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and hemorrhagic stroke by low and high drinking water calcium and magnesium exposure in 26,733 women of the Swedish Mammography Cohort1
| Age-standardized incidence rate/100,000 person years (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Drinking water calcium and magnesium exposure | Cases, n | Person-years, n | Age-adjusted model2 | Multivariable-adjusted model3 | |
| Myocardial infarction | |||||
| Ca/Mg <50/10 mg/L | 1163 | 248,693 | 532 (492, 554) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Ca/Mg ≥50/10 mg/L | 860 | 206,671 | 473 (441, 505) | 0.89 (0.81, 0.97) | 0.93 (0.85, 1.02) |
| Ischemic stroke | |||||
| Ca/Mg <50/10 mg/L | 1326 | 247,877 | 604 (571, 639) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Ca/Mg ≥50/10 mg/L | 953 | 206,462 | 530 (497, 565) | 0.85 (0.79, 0.93) | 0.87 (0.80, 0.95) |
| Hemorrhagic stroke | |||||
| Ca/Mg <50/10 mg/L | 274 | 253,631 | 113 (99, 127) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Ca/Mg ≥50/10 mg/L | 178 | 210,718 | 92 (79, 106) | 0.79 (0.65, 0.95) | 0.78 (0.65, 0.95) |
Low calcium and magnesium is defined as <50 mg/L calcium and <10 mg/L magnesium, and high calcium and magnesium is defined as ≥50 mg/L calcium or ≥10 mg/L magnesium. Ca, calcium; Mg, magnesium.
Adjusted for age (as time scale).
Adjusted for age (as time scale), level of education (<9, 9, 10–11, 11–12, >12 y), household income (quartiles), smoking status (never, former <10 cigarettes/d, former ≥10 cigarettes/d, current <10 cigarettes/d, current ≥10 cigarettes/d), BMI (<20, 20–24.9, 25–29.9, and 30 kg/cm2), high cholesterol (yes/no), diabetes (yes/no), family history of cardiovascular disease (yes/no), physical activity (walk or bike ≥40 min/wk: yes/no; exercise ≥1 h/wk: yes/no), and alcohol intake (never drinker, former drinker, current drinker <3 glasses/wk, current drinker 3–7 glasses/wk, current drinker > 7 glasses/wk).