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. 2022 Aug 17;116(4):1038–1048. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac221

TABLE 2.

Top-ranked CpGs in epigenome-wide association study analysis of percentage mother's milk (primary analysis) and their associations with total surface area of the cerebral cortex and full-scale IQ (secondary analyses)1

CpG Chromosome Position Gene symbol Gene name Primary Secondary Secondary
% Mother's milk2 Total surface area3 Full-Scale IQ4
Effect size P value Effect size P value Effect size P value
cg03744440 17 73,584,108 MYO15B Myosin XVB −0.70 2.09E−08 −61.15 0.117 −1.69 0.050
cg00851389 16 56,669,681 MT1A Metallothionein 1A −0.39 4.67E−08 48.27 0.460 −2.79 0.053
cg05406347 5 133,773,142 — — −0.33 1.36E−07 −48.12 0.571 −3.04 0.063
cg11298446 10 119,749,726 — — −0.48 2.34E−07 −88.28 0.086 −0.82 0.452
cg10997248 11 117,699,019 FXYD2 FXYD domain containing ion transport regulator 2 −0.42 3.79E−07 −61.23 0.249 −1.16 0.342
cg27176927 11 120,386,965 GRIK4 Glutamate ionotropic receptor kainate type subunit 4 −0.36 3.81E−07 −127.4 0.050 −1.16 0.373
cg13424029 10 101,297,508 — — −0.34 4.31E−07 −36.68 0.565 −3.08 0.045
cg20565065 9 130,542,853 — — −0.29 6.10E−07 −52.17 0.572 −1.62 0.317
cg23615741 10 101,297,642 — — −0.48 1.64E−06 −54.86 0.167 −1.90 0.070
cg07398661 15 37,111,929 CSNK1A1P Casein kinase 1 α 1 pseudogene 1 −0.28 2.18E−06 −177.4 0.012 −2.73 0.152
cg01765653 6 29,599,160 GABBR1 γ-Aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1 −0.22 2.63E−06 −204.8 0.012 −0.33 0.877
cg13313522 12 107,024,230 RFX4 Regulatory factor X4 −0.33 2.71E−06 −152.2 0.018 −2.15 0.169
cg14053590 7 100,321,217 EPO Erythropoietin −0.22 3.67E−06 −173.5 0.036 −0.17 0.932
cg09941581 4 124,220,074 SPATA5 Spermatogenesis associated 5 −0.49 3.69E−06 −18.64 0.718 −1.86 0.096
cg08145067 19 3,688,176 PIP5K1C Phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase type 1 γ −0.26 3.95E−06 −166.5 0.016 −0.38 0.859
cg08639339 1 205,648,336 SLC45A3 Solute carrier family 45 member 3 −0.23 4.39E−06 −59.54 0.482 −2.79 0.239
cg11724691 11 72,475,966 STARD10 StAR related lipid transfer domain containing 10 −0.22 4.70E−06 −139.4 0.163 −1.31 0.487
cg19619387 17 1,881,036 RTN4RL1 Reticulon 4 receptor like 1 −0.48 4.75E−06 −34.09 0.558 −1.49 0.121
cg01883425 6 41,606,770 MDFI MyoD family inhibitor −0.51 4.80E−06 −40.83 0.252 −0.73 0.432
cg23575219 9 115,250,537 KIAA1958 KIAA1958 −0.31 4.82E−06 19.23 0.760 −3.10 0.069
1

CpG, cytosine-guanine dinucleotide; DNAm, DNA methylation; PC, principal component.

2

Values are the coefficient and corresponding P value of percentage mother's milk in the regression, DNAm = % mother's milk + sex + mother's education + cell type + PCs (n = 143).

3

Values are the coefficient and corresponding P value of DNAm in the regression, total surface area (cm2) = DNAm + sex + mother's education + cell type + PCs (n = 41).

4

Values are the coefficient and corresponding P value of DNAm in the regression, Full-Scale IQ = DNAm + sex + mother's education + cell type + PCs (n = 133).