Table 1.
Findings of levels of inflammatory markers in sporadic PD patients in blood (serum, plasma) and CSF compared to healthy controls from 01/2012-12/2021
| Blood (PD vs. CON) | CSF (PD vs. CON) | |
| C3 | Sun et al. [96] 2019 ↓ | |
| C4 | Sun et al. [96] 2019 ↓ | |
| CCL2 (MCP-1) | Csencsits-Smith et al. [58] 2016 ↑ | Hall et al. [63] 2018 ⟶ |
| Schröder et al. [46] 2018 ⟶ | Schröder et al. [46] 2018 ↑ | |
| Usenko et al. [55] 2020 ↑ | ||
| Miliukhina et al. [50] 2020 ↓ | ||
| CCL3 (MIP-1α) | Schröder et al. [46] 2018 ⟶ | Schröder et al. [46] 2018 ⟶ |
| Calvani et al. [52] 2020 ↓ | ||
| CCL4 (MIP-1β) | Schröder et al. [46] 2018 ⟶ | |
| Calvani et al. [52] 2020 ↑ | ||
| CCL5 (RANTES) | Mahlknecht et al. [45] 2012 ⟶ | |
| Tang et al. [47] 2014 ↑ | ||
| Qin et al. [25] 2016 ↑ | ||
| Schröder et al. [46] 2018 ⟶ | ||
| CCL8 (MCP-2) | Santaella et al. [65] 2020 ↓ | |
| CCL11 (Eotaxin) | Schröder et al. [46] 2018 ⟶ | |
| CCL13 (MCP-4) | Mahlknecht et al. [45] 2012 ⟶ | |
| CCL17 (TARC) | Schröder et al. [46] 2018 ⟶ | |
| CCL20 (MIP-3α) | Schröder et al. [46] 2018 ⟶ | |
| CCL23 (MIP-3) | Santaella et al. [65] 2020 ↓ | |
| CCL28 (MEC) | Santaella et al. [65] 2020 ↑ | |
| CRP | Ton et al. [21] 2012 ↓ | Hall et al. [63] 2018 ⟶ |
| Andican et al. [22] 2012 ↑ | Moghaddam et al. [87] 2018 ↑ | |
| Lindqvist et al. [23] 2013 ↑ | ||
| Sawada et al. [24] 2014 ↑ | ||
| Qin et al. [25] 2016 ↑ | ||
| Wang et al. [26] 2016 ↑ | ||
| Kim et al. [27] 2018 ⟶ | ||
| King et al. [28, 29] 2019 ⟶ | ||
| Santos-García et al. [30] 2019 ↑ | ||
| Qiu et al. [31] 2019 ↑ | ||
| Baran et al. [32] 2019 ↑ | ||
| Jin et al. [33] 2020 ↑ | ||
| Dommershuijsen et al. [34] 2022 ⟶ | ||
| CSF-1 | Santaella et al. [65] 2020 ⟶ | |
| CX3CL1 (Fractalkine) | Gupta et al. [78] 2021 ↑ | Santaella et al. [65] 2020 ↓ |
| Hatcher-Martin et al. [89] 2021 ↓ | ||
| CXCL1 (NAP-3) | Schröder et al. [46] 2018 ⟶ | Santaella et al. [65] 2020 ↓ |
| CXCL5 (ENA78) | Schröder et al. [46] 2018 ⟶ | |
| CXCL9 (MIG) | Schröder et al. [46] 2018 ⟶ | |
| CXCL10 (IP-10) | Schröder et al. [46] 2018 ⟶ | Schröder et al. [46] 2018 ⟶ |
| Csencsits-Smith et al. [58] 2016 ↑ | Hu et al. [64] 2019 ⟶ | |
| CXCL11 (IP-9) | Schröder et al. [46] 2018 ⟶ | |
| CXCL12 (SDF-1) | Bagheri et al. [97] 2018 ↑ | |
| FABP | Brockmann et al. [38] 2016 ↑ | |
| ICAM-1 | Andican et al. [22] 2012 ↑ | |
| Mahlknecht et al. [45] 2012 ⟶ | ||
| IL-1ß | Koziorowski et al. [35] 2012 ⟶ | Milyukhina et al. [37] 2015 ↑ |
| Hu et al. [36] 2015 ↑ | Hu et al. [36] 2015 ↑ | |
| Milyukhina et al. [37] 2015 ↑ | Chen et al. [60] 2018 ↑ | |
| Brockmann et al. [38] 2016 ↑ | Iwaoka et al. [61] 2020 ↑ | |
| Wang et al. [26] 2016 ↑ | ||
| Qin et al. [25] 2016 ↑ | ||
| Karpenko et al. [39] 2018 ↑ | ||
| Kim et al. [27] 2018 ↑ | ||
| Rocha et al. [40] 2018 ⟶ | ||
| Alrafiah et al. [41] 2019 ↑ | ||
| Lian et al. [42] 2019 ↑ | ||
| Chatterjee et al. [43] 2020 ↑ | ||
| Fan et al. [44] 2020 ↑ | ||
| IL-1RA | Karpenko et al. [39] 2018 ↓ | |
| IL-2 | Mahlknecht et al. [45] 2012 ⟶ | Schröder et al. [46] 2018 ↑ |
| Qin et al. [25] 2016 ↑ | ||
| Kim et al. [27] 2018 ↑ | ||
| Rocha et al. [40] 2018 ⟶ | ||
| Schröder et al. [46] 2018 ⟶ | ||
| King et al. [28, 29] 2019 ⟶ | ||
| sIL-2R | Wang et al. [26] 2016 ↑ | |
| IL-4 | Qin et al. [25] 2016 ⟶ | Schröder et al. [46] 2018 ⟶ |
| Rocha et al. [40] 2018 ↓ | ||
| Schröder et al. [46] 2018 ⟶ | ||
| King et al. [28, 29] 2019 ⟶ | ||
| IL-5 | Schröder et al. [46] 2018 ⟶ | |
| IL-6 | Ton et al. [21] 2012 ↑ | Yu et al. [62] 2014: ↑ |
| Koziorowski et al. [35] 2012 ⟶ | Milyukhina et al. [37] 2015 ↑ | |
| Mahlknecht et al. [45] 2012 ⟶ | Delgado-Alvarado et al. [48] 2017 ⟶ | |
| Tang et al. [47] 2014 ↑ | Chen et al. [60] 2018 ↑ | |
| Milyukhina et al. [37] 2015 ↑ | Hall et al. [63] 2018 ⟶ | |
| Wang et al. [26] 2016 ↑ | Schröder et al. [46] 2018 ↑ | |
| Qin et al. [25] 2016 ↑ | Lian et al. [42] 2019 ↑ | |
| Delgado-Alvarado et al. [48] 2017 ⟶ | Iwaoka et al. [61] 2020 ⟶ | |
| Karpenko et al. [39] 2018 ↑ | ||
| Kim et al. [27] 2018 ↑ | ||
| Rocha et al. [40] 2018 ↓ | ||
| Schröder et al. [46] 2018 ⟶ | ||
| Alrafiah et al. [41] 2019 ⟶ | ||
| King et al. [28, 29] 2019 ↑ | ||
| Lian et al. [42] 2019 ↑ | ||
| Kwiatek-Majkusiak et al. [49] 2020 ↑ | ||
| Miliukhina et al. [50] 2020 ↓ | ||
| IL-8 | Koziorowski et al. [35] 2012 ⟶ | Hall et al. [63] 2018 ↑ |
| Gupta et al. [51] 2016 ↓ | Schröder et al. [46] 2018 ⟶ | |
| Qin et al. [25] 2016 ⟶ | Hu et al. [64] 2019 ⟶ | |
| Schröder et al. [46] 2018 ⟶ | Santaella et al. [65] 2020 ↓ | |
| King et al. [28, 29] 2019 ⟶ | ||
| Calvani et al. [52] 2020 ↑ | ||
| IL-9 | Schröder et al. [46] 2018 ⟶ | Schröder et al. [46] 2018 ↓ |
| Calvani et al. [52] 2020 ↓ | ||
| IL-10 | Koziorowski et al. [35] 2012 ⟶ | Schröder et al. [46] 2018 ⟶ |
| Brockmann et al. [38] 2016 ↑ | Hu et al. [64] 2019 ⟶ | |
| Qin et al. [25] 2016 ↑ | ||
| Karpenko et al. [39] 2018 ⟶ | ||
| Kim et al. [27] 2018 ⟶ | ||
| Rocha et al. [40] 2018 ↓ | ||
| Schröder et al. [46] 2018 ⟶ | ||
| King et al. [28, 29] 2019 ⟶ | ||
| Rathnayake et al. [54] 2019 ↑ | ||
| Martin-Ruiz et al. [57] 2020 ↑ | ||
| IL-12 | Koziorowski et al. [35] 2012 ⟶ | |
| IL-12-p40 | Brockmann et al. [38] 2016 ↑ | |
| IL-13 | Schröder et al. [46] 2018 ⟶ | |
| Lin et al. [53] 2019 ↑ | ||
| IL-16 | ||
| IL-17A | Rocha et al. [40] 2018 ↓ | |
| Schröder et al. [46] 2018 ⟶ | Schröder et al. [46] 2018 ⟶ | Majbour et al. [68] 2020 ↓ |
| IL-21 | Schröder et al. [46] 2018 ⟶ | Schröder et al. [46] 2018 ⟶ |
| IL-22 | Schröder et al. [46] 2018 ⟶ | Schröder et al. [46] 2018 ⟶ |
| IL-27 | Kouchaki et al. [59] 2018 ↓ | |
| IFN-y | Wang et al. [26] 2016 ⟶ | Schröder et al. [46] 2018 ⟶ |
| Qin et al. [25] 2016 ⟶ | Iwaoka et al. [61] 2020 ⟶ | |
| Eidson et al. [56] 2017 ↑ | ||
| Rocha et al. [40] 2018 ↓ | ||
| Schröder et al. [46] 2018 ⟶ | ||
| King et al. [28, 29] 2019 ⟶ | ||
| Lin et al. [53] 2019 ↑ | ||
| Rathnayake et al. [54] 2019 ↑ | ||
| Miliukhina et al. [50] 2020 ↑ | ||
| Usenko et al. [55] 2020 ↓ | ||
| Leptin | Mahlknecht et al. [45] 2012 ⟶ | |
| Rahnemayan et al. [98] 2021 ⟶ | ||
| NGAL | Eidson et al. [56] 2017 ↑ | |
| NLRP3 | Chatterjee et al. [43] 2020 ↑ | |
| Fan et al. [44] 2020 ↑ | ||
| Roy et al. [99] 2021 ↑ | ||
| PDGF-BB | Mahlknecht et al. [45] 2012 ↑ | |
| Prolactin | Mahlknecht et al. [45] 2012 ↑ | |
| S100A8/9 (Calprotectin) | Dumitrescu et al. [100] 2021 ↑ | |
| S100B | Sathe et al. [101] 2012 ↑ | |
| SAA (Serum amyloid A) | Hall et al. [63] 2018 ↑ | |
| SCF | Brockmann et al. [38] 2016 ↑ | Santaella et al. [65] 2020 ⟶ |
| TGF-β1 | Chen et al. [60] 2018 ↑ | |
| TGF-α | Santaella et al. [65] 2020 ⟶ | |
| TIMP-2 | Mahlknecht et al. [45] 2012 ⟶ | |
| TNF-α | Koziorowski et al. [35] 2012 ↑ | Delgado-Alvarado et al. [48] 2017 ↑ |
| Hu et al. [36] 2015 ↑ | Chen et al. [60] 2018 ⟶ | |
| Gupta et al. [51] 2016 ↓ | Schröder et al. [46] 2018 ↑ | |
| Wang et al. [26] 2016 ↑ | Hu et al. [36, 64] 2015, 2019 ⟶ | |
| Qin et al. [25] 2016 ↑ | Iwaoka et al. [61] 2020 ↑ | |
| Csencsits-Smith et al. [58] 2016 ↑ | ||
| Eidson et al. [56] 2017 ↑ | ||
| Karpenko et al. [39] 2018 ⟶ | ||
| Kim et al. [27] 2018 ⟶ | ||
| Kouchaki et al. [59] 2018 ↑ | ||
| Rocha et al. [40] 2018 ↓ | ||
| Schröder et al. [46] 2018 ⟶ | ||
| Alrafiah et al. [41] 2019 ⟶ | ||
| King et al. [28, 29] 2019 ↑ | ||
| Lin et al. [53] 2019 ↑ | ||
| Rathnayake et al. [54] 2019 ↑ | ||
| Martin-Ruiz et al. [57] 2020 ↑ | ||
| Miliukhina et al. [50] 2020 ↓ | ||
| sTNFR1 and sTNFR2 | Rocha et al. [83] 2014 ↑ | |
| sVCAM1 | Perner et al. [80] 2019 ↑ | |
| YKL-40 | Hall et al. [63] 2018 ↓ |
↑: Significantly elevated levels in comparison to controls. ⟶: No significant differences in comparison to controls. ↓: Significantly reduced levels in comparison to controls.