Table 1. Recent Studies on Encapsulation of Active Compounds for Coating Applications^a.

publication year	active compound	encapsulant	encapsulation method	coating system	performance testing	application	references
2020	DCOIT	porous silica nanoparticles	sol–gel synthesis	antibacterial/antifouling polymer coating	field test of coated panels, antifouling assay, nontarget toxicity test	marine coatings	Michailidis et al.33
2020	irgarol	calcium alginate hydrogels	microfluid emulsion-based external gelation	NA	release studies from hydrogels in suspension; antifouling effect tested using water grass	wood protection	Liu et al.34
2020	DCOIT	silica submicrocontainers	O/W emulsion	NA	NA	marine coatings	Aidarova et al.28
2020	capsaicin, silicon oil	PUF microcapsules	O/W emulsion polymerization	zinc acrylate resin	real-sea tests of coatings	marine coatings	Li et al.35
2020	econea	polymeric capsules	spray-drying	water-based acrylic and polyurethane binder	field test of coated fishing nets	fishing nets	Kartal et al.36
2020	ZS, UA	silica nanosystem	O/W miniemulsion	NA	antifouling in vitro tests	outdoor surface protection	Ruggiero et al.27
2019	DCOIT	polyurea capsules	surface polycondensation	NA	NA	marine coatings	Aidarova et al.19
2019	MBT	silica nanosystem (capsules and particles)	polymerization	NA	release studies in aqueous solution	outdoor surface protection	Ruggiero et al.37
2018	ZS	silica nanocapsules	O/W emulsion	NA	release studies in aqueous solution	marine coatings	Ruggiero et al.20
2018	capsaicin	chitosan nanocapsules	microemulsion	NA	pH-responsive antibacterial property of nanocapsules	marine coatings	Wang et al.38
2017	DCOIT	polymeric microcapsule	O/W emulsion	water-based coatings	field test of coated fishing nets; release studies from coating simulated in a flow cell	fishing nets	Callenti et al.21
2017	irgarol, econea, and ZnPT	PLA nanoparticles	O/W emulsion	commercial water-based antifouling coating	release studies from nanoparticles in suspension	wood protection	Kamtsikakis et al.22
2017	CuPT, ZnPT	silica nanocapsules	O/W emulsion	NA	toxicity testing—growth inhibition tests	marine coatings	Avelelas et al.23
2015	DCOIT, MBT	silica nanocapsules	O/W emulsion	PU (water-based) and epoxy (solvent-based) coatings	microbiological studies of nanocapsules in suspension and coatings; release studies from suspension	marine coatings	Maia et al.24
2013	sodium benzoate	polymeric microcapsules	polymerization	NA	growth inhibition tests and release studies	wood protection	Jämsä et al.39
2011	ZnPT	silica aerogels (SA)	sol–gel synthesis	rosin/acrylic binder	field test of coated panels; release studies from gels in suspension	marine coatings	Wallström et al.40
2011	silver compound	polymeric microspheres	O/W emulsion	unknown coating	field test of coated glass; release from microspheres in suspension	marine coatings	Szabó et al.25
2011	IPBC	PMMA	O/W emulsion	NA	NA	outdoor surface protection	Nordstierna et al.26
2010	medetomidine	PMMA microspheres	emulsification–solvent evaporation	exterior wall coatings (water- and solvent-based)	release studies from microspheres in coatings	outdoor surface protection	Nordstierna et al.7
2010	IPBC	silica microparticles	emulsion	water-based commercial coating	release studies from coatings. UV stability test. In vitro release studies	wood protection	Sørensen et al.41
2009	DCOIT	PVA microcapsules and phenolic resin	emulsification and cross-linking	biocide-free waterborne coating	NA	underwater protection	Hart et al.30
2008	chlorhexidine	PLA	emulsification–solvent evaporation	NA	testing antibacterial activity	marine coatings	Fäy et al.42
2007	DCOIT	amino-formaldehyde capsules	emulsion	unknown coating	Leaching from polymer films	marine coatings	Reybuck et al.29
2007	DCOIT	PMMA–BA nanocapsules	two-stage miniemulsion	PMMA-based coating	release from coated glass	marine coatings	Zhang et al.43

^aO/W = oil in water. NA = not available. DCOIT, 4,5-dichloro-2-octyl-2H-isothiazol-3-one; ZS, zosteric acid sodium salt; UA, usnic acid; MBT, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole; econea, tralopyril, 4-bromo-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile; PUF, poly(urea-formaldehyde); ZnPT, zinc pyrithione; IPBC, 3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate; PLA poly(l-lactide); PMMA–BA, poly(methyl methacrylate-co-butyl acrylate); and PVA, poly(vinyl alcohol).