Table 1. Summary Reviews of Engine Testing for Engine Performances and Emissions Analysis.

reference	blended fuel	blending method	tested engine	engine speed (rpm)	engine load	engine performance	emissions analysis
Putrasari et al.13	diesel		IDI and modified DI engine	1500	0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 Nm	IMEPa and BSFC	smoke and CO
Huang et al.14	diesel mixed with Chinese pistache biodiesel	stirrer	IDI and DI engine	1500 and 2000	1–10 kW	BSFC and BTE	NOx, smoke, CO, and HC
Kalam et al.27	diesel mixed with coconut oil	stirrer	IDI engine	800–3200	10–1000 Nm	BP and SFC	HC, smoke, EGT, CO, NOx, and CO2
Ozsezen et al.28	diesel mixed with biodiesel from used frying palm oil	stirrer	IDI engine	1000–3000	full load condition	BSFC, BP, and BTE	EGT
Kannan and Udayakumar24	diesel–water	stirrer	DI engine	1500	1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 kW	BTE and BSFC	NOx and HC
Rahman et al.11	diesel–essential oils	stirrer	DI engine	1500	25, 50, 75, and 100%		CO, NOx, and PM
Khalife et al.25	diesel–biodiesel–water	ultrasound homogenizer	DI engine	1000, 1500, 2000, and 2500	10 kW	BP, BSFC, BTE, and BMEPb	NOx, CO, HC, CO2, and O2
in this study	diesel–biodiesel–water nanoemulsion fuel	rotor–stator HCRc	IDI and DI engine	1100, 1400, 1700, 2000, and 2300	25, 50, and 75%	Pb, BSFC, and BTE	EGT, NOx, CO, HC, CO2, and O2

^aIMEP is the indicated mean effective pressure.

^bBMEP is the brake mean effective pressure, and EGT is the exhaust gas temperature.

^cHCR is the hydrodynamic cavitation reactor.