Table 2.
Associations of Baseline Variables With Mean “Living Well” Score at Baseline and Over Time, and With Classes of “Living Well” for Spouse Caregivers
| LGCM: Associations of baseline measures with “living well” | GMM-CI: Associations of baseline measures with classes of “living well” | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Association at baseline (intercept) | Association over time (slope) | Lower Stable vs Stable | Declining vs Stable | ||
| Domains | Measures | Estimate (95% CI) | Estimate (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) |
| Demographic | Caregiver age | 0.05 (0.01–0.09) | −0.01 (−0.03–0.01) | 0.96 (0.93–1.00) | 0.97 (0.93–1.02) |
| characteristics | Caregiver sex/person with dementia sex (ref: female/male) | ||||
| Male/female | 2.43 (1.74–3.12) | 0.11 (−0.19–0.41) | 0.23 (0.11–0.49) | 1.07 (0.35–3.27) | |
| Female/female | 2.19 (−1.77–6.15) | −0.70 (−2.22–0.81) | NE | 7.74 (0.35–85.63) | |
| Male/male | −0.52 (−10.13–9.10) | −0.74 (−4.19–2.71) | NE | NE | |
| Caregiver education (ref: school certificate at 18) | |||||
| No qualifications | −1.02 (−1.86–−0.18) | 0.26 (−0.12–0.65) | 2.21 (1.02–4.79) | 0.80 (0.19–3.39) | |
| School certificate at 16 | −0.61 (−1.48–0.26) | 0.10 (−0.28–0.49) | 1.81 (0.84–3.93) | 0.59 (0.10–3.49) | |
| University | 0.45 (−0.41–1.31) | −0.11 (−0.49–0.27) | 1.04 (0.47–2.30) | 0.41 (0.10–1.74) | |
| Caregiver social class (ref: high) | |||||
| Middle | −0.42 (−1.10–0.25) | 0.23 (−0.07–0.52) | 0.97 (0.53–1.76) | 0.90 (0.26–3.11) | |
| Low | −0.63 (−1.83–0.57) | 0.42 (−0.13–0.98) | 2.25 (0.79–6.41) | 0.67 (0.02–26.82) | |
| Hours of care/day (ref: 10+) | |||||
| Under 1 hr | 2.94 (2.11–3.77) | −0.13 (−0.50–0.23) | 0.13 (0.04–0.43) | 2.50 (0.57–10.90) | |
| 1–10 hr | 1.06 (0.36–1.76) | −0.10 (−0.42–0.22) | 0.45 (0.24–0.84) | 2.10 (0.51–8.60) | |
| Social situation | Social comparison | 2.30 (1.97–2.63) | −0.10 (−0.26–0.05) | 0.16 (0.09–0.28) | 1.77 (0.82–3.80) |
| Perceived social status | 0.99 (0.78–1.20) | −0.08 (−0.18–0.01) | 0.46 (0.35–0.61) | 0.69 (0.38–1.28) | |
| Perceived community status | 0.70 (0.52–0.88) | −0.02 (−0.10–0.06) | 0.60 (0.50–0.72) | 0.91 (0.67–1.23) | |
| Frequency of social contact | 0.21 (0.14–0.28) | −0.03 (−0.06–0.00) | 0.89 (0.84–0.95) | 1.03 (0.89–1.19) | |
| Social network | 0.25 (0.19–0.31) | −0.02 (−0.05–0.01) | 0.87 (0.81–0.92) | 1.00 (0.87–1.15) | |
| Cultural activity | 0.18 (0.12–0.24) | −0.03 (−0.06–0.00) | 0.89 (0.84–0.94) | 0.97 (0.84–1.13) | |
| Civic participation (ref: none) | |||||
| Low participation | −0.73 (−1.55–0.08) | 0.04 (−0.31–0.40) | 1.66 (0.86–3.23) | 0.32 (0.03–3.68) | |
| High participation | −0.03 (−1.04–0.99) | −0.32 (−0.78–0.13) | 0.74 (0.31–1.77) | 0.90 (0.20–3.98) | |
| Social participation (ref: none) | |||||
| Low participation | −0.18 (−1.07–0.71) | −0.14 (−0.54–0.26) | 0.85 (0.38–1.86) | 0.28 (0.01–8.57) | |
| High participation | 0.63 (−0.09–1.35) | −0.17 (−0.48–0.14) | 0.85 (0.46–1.55) | 1.13 (0.32–3.99) | |
| Psychological health | Neuroticism | −0.92 (−1.02–−0.82) | 0.05 (0.01–0.10) | 1.95 (1.64–2.33) | 1.02 (0.82–1.26) |
| Loneliness | −1.40 (−1.56–−1.25) | 0.04 (−0.04–0.12) | 2.49 (1.96–3.16) | 1.04 (0.71–1.53) | |
| Depression | −0.44 (−0.47–−0.40) | 0.04 (0.02–0.06) | 1.56 (1.25–1.95) | 0.94 (0.28–3.12) | |
| Self-esteem | 0.67 (0.61–0.74) | −0.06 (−0.09–−0.03) | 0.51 (0.36–0.74) | 1.10 (0.83–1.67) | |
| Self-efficacy | 0.48 (0.40–0.55) | −0.06 (−0.09–−0.02) | 0.76 (0.66–0.87) | 1.25 (0.98–1.60) | |
| Optimism | 0.77 (0.68–0.85) | −0.06 (−0.10–−0.02) | 0.53 (0.45–0.63) | 1.15 (0.94–1.40) | |
| Physical health | Self-rated health | 2.25 (1.98–2.52) | −0.15 (−0.28–−0.03) | 0.14 (0.08–0.24) | 1.01 (0.53–1.91) |
| Health conditions | −0.32 (−0.45–−0.18) | 0.05 (−0.01–0.11) | 1.26 (1.06–1.50) | 1.03 (0.76–1.40) | |
| Experiences of caregiving | Stress | −0.35 (−0.38–−0.32) | −0.00 (−0.02–0.01) | 1.30 (1.22–1.38) | 0.98 (0.90–1.07) |
| Social restriction | −1.09 (−1.32–−0.86) | −0.01 (−0.11–0.10) | 1.89 (1.49–2.41) | 0.99 (0.62–1.60) | |
| Role captivity | −1.03 (−1.17–−0.88) | −0.03 (−0.10–0.04) | 1.80 (1.50–2.15) | 0.89 (0.62–1.28) | |
| Competence | 1.18 (1.00–1.36) | −0.05 (−0.14–0.04) | 0.53 (0.43–0.66) | 1.13 (0.71–1.82) | |
| Management of meaning | 0.01 (−0.07–0.08) | −0.01 (−0.05–0.02) | 1.04 (0.98–1.11) | 1.09 (0.97–1.22) | |
| Relationship | Relationship quality | 0.54 (0.48–0.61) | −0.02 (−0.05–0.01) | 0.72 (0.66–0.79) | 1.03 (0.78–1.35) |
| Care recipient diagnosis | Diagnosis (ref: AD) | ||||
| VaD | −0.20 (−1.24–0.84) | 0.34 (−0.12–0.81) | 0.79 (0.35–1.81) | 0.23 (0.00–5.84) | |
| Mixed AD/VaD | −0.27 (−1.10–0.57) | 0.06 (−0.32–0.43) | 1.04 (0.53–2.02) | 0.56 (0.12–2.61) | |
| FTD | 0.25 (−1.27–1.78) | 0.02 (−0.65–0.69) | 0.43 (0.12–1.51) | 0.19 (0.00–25.31) | |
| PDD/DLB | −1.76 (−2.99–−0.52) | 0.29 (−0.30–0.88) | 1.77 (0.64–4.88) | 1.21 (0.23–6.25) | |
| Unspecified/other | −1.24 (−2.84–0.37) | 0.50 (−0.24–1.24) | 1.33 (0.46–8.87) | NE | |
| Care recipient measures | ACE-III | 0.01 (−0.01–0.04) | 0.03 (0.01–0.05) | 1.00 (0.98–1.03) | 1.01 (0.97–1.05) |
| Dependence (informant) | −0.57 (−0.69–−0.45) | −0.02 (−0.08–0.04) | 1.44 (1.26–1.65) | 0.94 (0.76–1.17) | |
| FAQ (informant) | −0.16 (−0.19–−0.12) | −0.01 (−0.03–0.01) | 1.08 (1.04–1.12) | 0.97 (0.92–1.03) | |
| NP symptoms―caregiver distress | −0.38 (−0.44–−0.33) | 0.02 (−0.00–0.05) | 1.32 (1.21–1.43) | 1.06 (0.90–1.25) | |
Notes: LGCM = latent growth curve model; GMM-CI = growth mixture model–class-invariant; OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence intervals; AD = Alzheimer’s disease; VaD = vascular dementia; FTD = frontotemporal dementia; PDD = Parkinson’s disease dementia; DLB = dementia with Lewy bodies; NP = neuropsychiatric; ACE-III = Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III; Dependence = Dependence Scale; FAQ = Functional Activities Questionnaire; ref = reference; NE = not estimated. Bold indicates p < .05.