Table 2.
Changes in Health Metrics for All Participants
| Outcome Measure |
SOC | TRE | Between Groups | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Baseline | 12-wk | Change | P-value | N | Baseline | 12-wk | Change | P-value | Change (V3-V1) TRE-SOC |
P-value Time x Group |
|
| 95% eating window, hours | 66 | 13.96 (13.52 to 14.40) | 13.35 (12.89 to 13.82) | −0.60 (−1.08 to −0.13) | 0.013 * | 66 | 14.13 (13.78 to 14.47) | 11.13 (10.73 to 11.54) | −2.99 (−3.51 to −2.47) | 3.29E-17 *** | −2.39 (−3.08 to −1.69) | 3.84E-10 *** |
| Fasting Glucose, mg/dL | 66 | 92.47 (90.62 to 94.32) | 92.61 (90.83 to 94.38) | 0.14 (−1.56 to 1.83) | 0.873 | 70 | 92.31 (90.42 to 94.21) | 92.50 (90.95 to 94.05) | 0.19 (−1.47 to 1.84) | 0.824 | 0.05 (−2.30 to 2.40) | 0.967 |
| HbA1c, % | 66 | 5.28 (5.20 to 5.36) | 5.29 (5.20 to 5.36) | 0.01 (−0.05 to 0.07) | 0.802 | 70 | 5.30 (5.21 to 5.40) | 5.27 (5.20 to 5.33) | −0.04 (−0.1 to 0.03) | 0.290 | −0.04 (−0.13 to 0.05) | 0.340 |
| Fasting Insulin, mIU/L | 66 | 4.71 (4.00 to 5.42) | 4.85 (4.12 to 5.58) | 0.14 (−0.38 to 0.65) | 0.596 | 70 | 4.90 (4.15 to 5.65) | 4.84 (4.27 to 5.41) | −0.06 (−0.68 to 0.57) | 0.855 | −0.19 (−1.00 to 0.61) | 0.635 |
| HOMA-IR | 66 | 1.09 (0.92 to 1.27) | 1.13 (0.95 to 1.31) | 0.04 (−0.09 to 0.17) | 0.576 | 70 | 1.14 (0.95 to 1.32) | 1.12 (0.98 to 1.25) | −0.02 (−0.17 to 0.14) | 0.787 | −0.06 (−0.26 to 0.14) | 0.571 |
| Weight, kg | 66 | 89.29 (85.66 to 92.91) | 88.86 (85.27 to 92.45) | −0.43 (−0.94 to 0.08) | 0.098 | 70 | 87.25 (84.03 to 90.47) | 86.31 (83.08 to 89.54) | −0.94 (−1.46 to −0.42) | 0.0006 *** | −0.51 (−0.14 to 0.21) | 0.163 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 67 | 27.65 (26.71 to 28.59) | 27.56 (26.64 to 28.48) | −0.09 (−0.28 to 0.11) | 0.371 | 70 | 27.77 (26.92 to 28.63) | 27.52 (26.66 to 28.38) | −0.26 (−0.45 to −0.07) | 0.009 ** | −0.17 (−0.44 to 0.10) | 0.219 |
| Systolic Blood Pressure, mmHg | 67 | 120.32 (118.12 to 122.52) | 119.72 (117.45 to 121.99) | −0.60 (−2.77 to 1.58) | 0.585 | 70 | 120.73 (118.12 to 123.35) | 118.86 (116.43 to 121.30) | −1.87 (−3.85 to 0.11) | 0.063 | −1.27 (−4.18 to 1.63) | 0.387 |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure, mmHg | 67 | 74.21 (72.10 to 76.33) | 72.78 (70.61 to 74.94) | −1.44 (−3.37 to 0.50) | 0.143 | 70 | 74.45 (72.22 to 76.68) | 72.45 (70.35 to 74.58) | −2.00 (−3.93 to −0.07) | 0.043 * | −0.56 (−3.27 to 2.15) | 0.682 |
| HDL Cholesterol, mg/dL | 66 | 55.48 (52.96 to 58.01) | 56.76 (53.83 to 59.68) | 1.27 (−0.70 to 3.25) | 0.203 | 70 | 59.53 (55.17 to 63.89) | 59.66 (55.66 to 63.67) | 0.13 (−1.51 to 1.76) | 0.876 | −1.14 (−3.67 to 1.38) | 0.373 |
| LDL Cholesterol, mg/dL | 66 | 121.47 (113.71 to 129.23) | 118.86 (110.92 to 126.81) | −2.61 (−7.32 to 2.11) | 0.274 | 69 | 122.36 (115.21 to 129.52) | 123.12 (116.15 to 130.08) | 0.75 (−3.54 to 5.05) | 0.727 | 3.36 (−2.95 to 9.67) | 0.294 |
| VLDL Cholesterol Particle Size, nm | 61 | 46.63 (45.91 to 47.35) | 46.39 (45.67 to 47.10) | −0.25 (−0.86 to 0.36) | 0.419 | 69 | 47.50 (46.66 to 48.33) | 46.15 (45.30 to 47.01) | −1.34 (−2.20 to −0.49) | 0.003 ** | −1.10 (−2.16 to −0.03) | 0.044 * |
| HDL particle number, umol/L | 61 | 35.16 (34.26 to 36.07) | 34.12 (33.09 to 35.16) | −1.04 (−1.82 to −0.26) | 0.010 * | 69 | 35.34 (34.47 to 36.22) | 35.34 (34.50 to 36.18) | −0.01 (−0.74 to 0.73) | 0.987 | 1.03 (−0.03 to 2.10) | 0.057 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 66 | 86.67 (72.37 to 100.96) | 83.55 (71.58 to 95.51) | −3.12 (−12.15 to 5.91) | 0.493 | 70 | 94.24 (80.91 to 107.58) | 92.53 (77.04 to 108.02) | −1.96 (−10.89 to 7.47) | 0.711 | 1.41 (−11.37 to 14.19) | 0.828 |
| Body Fat, % | 67 | 23.73 (22.45 to 25.02) | 24.03 (22.86 to 25.21) | 0.30 (−0.19 to 0.80) | 0.229 | 70 | 25.72 (24.29 to 27.16) | 25.65 (24.25 to 27.04) | −0.08 (−0.42 to 0.27) | 0.657 | −0.38 (−0.97 to 0.21) | 0.209 |
| CRP, mg/L | 65 | 1.14 (0.78 to 1.50) | 1.08 (0.72 to 1.44) | −0.06 (−0.56 to 0.45) | 0.821 | 70 | 1.21 (0.89 to 1.53) | 1.13 (0.86 to 1.40) | −0.08 (−0.36 to 0.21) | 0.597 | −0.02 (−0.58 to 0.54) | 0.949 |
| Daily Calories, kcal | 66 | 2268.41 (2129.61 to 2407.21) | 1949.72 (1786.57 to 2112.87) | −318.69 (−531.05 to −106.33) | 0.003 ** | 69 | 2314.28 (2136.09 to 2490.48) | 1898.38 (1720.84 to 2075.92) | −415.91 (−600.87 to −230.94) | 1.27E-5 *** | −97.22 (−375.52 to 181.08) | 0.447 |
| Alcohol, g | 66 | 11.77 (3.87 to 19.67) | 9.50 (4.91 to 14.09) | −2.27 (−11.68 to 7.14) | 0.632 | 69 | 12.23 (6.83 to 17.62) | 6.34 (3.17 to 9.51) | −5.89 (−11.41 to −0.37) | 0.037 * | −3.62 (−14.31 to 7.07) | 0.504 |
| Sleep Duration, mins | 67 | 472.45 (461.61 to 483.29) | 471.65 (460.48 to 482.81) | −0.80 (−10.66 to 9.06) | 0.871 | 69 | 480.70 (469.44 to 491.95) | 478.08 (466.30 to 489.86) | −2.62 (−13.61 to 8.37) | 0.636 | −1.81 (−16.47 to 12.84) | 0.807 |
| Sleep efficiency, % | 67 | 89.78 (89.15 to 90.41) | 89.75 (89.08 to 90.43) | −0.03 (−0.39 to 0.34) | 0.897 | 69 | 90.34 (89.81 to 90.88) | 90.23 (89.68 to 90.82) | −0.07 (−0.49 to 0.29) | 0.616 | −0.04 (−0.06 to 0.05) | 0.782 |
| Daily Activity, A.U. | 67 | 296531.02 (278764.60 to 314297.44) | 286955.79 (269350.11 to 304561.48) | −9575.23 (−22097.98 to 2947.53) | 0.132 | 69 | 295900.53 (279582.45 to 312218.61) | 279797.29 (263712.34 to 295882.23) | −16103.24 (−23741.85 to −8464.63) | 7.76E-5 *** | −6528.02 (−20965.49 to 7909.46) | 0.373 |
Data presented as mean (95% Confidence Interval). Between-group differences were assessed by Mixed ANOVA. Within-group differences were assessed with paired t-tests. p<0.05 (*), p<0.01 (**), p<0.001 (***). Daily calories and alcohol were calculated from a 24-hour recall with a dietician at baseline and between weeks 5-7 of intervention, not the end of the intervention. A.U.= arbitrary units. See Table S4 for data on all lipoprofile measures.