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. 2022 Sep 15;6(4):txac130. doi: 10.1093/tas/txac130

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© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 1. — a). Schematic diagram of the rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC) system adapted from Czerkawski and Breckenridge (1977). A, feed within nylon bag; B, porous nylon bag; C, rigid tube used to support bags; D, perforated container; E, ruminal fluid; F, fermentation vessel; G, inlet for infusion of artificial saliva; H, outlet for digesta removal via overflow; I, drive shaft for rotation; J, sampling port; K, airtight rubber seal. b). Schematic diagram of the dual-flow continuous culture system first utilized by Monteiro et al. (2022). A, feed added directly to the ruminal content; B, agitator/mixer; C, filter for constant removal of liquid fraction; D, temperature sensor; E, ruminal content; F, fermentation vessel; G, inlet for infusion of artificial saliva; H, outlet for digesta removal via overflow; I, drive shaft; J, opening for addition of feed/sampling port; K, connection to peristaltic pump for liquid removal; L, heater.