Table 1.
Selected Characteristics for our Total Cohort and Based on Physically Nonfrail, Prefrail, and Frail Individuals
| All | Nonfrail | Prefrail | Physically Frail | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number (%) | 2 521 | 1 204 (48%) | 1 221 (48%) | 96 (4%) |
| Frailty index (score 0–1) | 0.144 (0.10–0.19) | 0.121 (0.08–0.16) | 0.158 (0.11–0.21) | 0.229 (0.19–0.27)** |
| Confirmed sarcopeniaa | 86 (3.5%) | NA | 70 (6%) | 16 (17%) |
| SAF (AU) | 2.39 ± 0.49 | 2.34 ± 0.46 | 2.43 ± 0.50 | 2.58 ± 0.53** |
| Age (years) | 74.2 (14.0) | 72.2 (13.2) | 75.6 (14.5) | 81.3 (9.3)** |
| Males | 1 024 (44%) | 567 (47%) | 507 (42%) | 29 (30%)* |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.3 ± 4.2 | 26.8 ± 3.8 | 27.7 ± 4.5 | 28.2 ± 4.5** |
| RS-I/II/III | 574/921/850 (25%/39%/36%) |
197/467/540 (16%/39%/45%) |
366/433/422 (30%/36%/35%) |
51/33/12 (53%/34%/13%)** |
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 2 090.6 (838.5) | 2 153.9 (838.3) | 2 032.9 (834.5) | 1 874.2 (885.5)** |
| Smokers | * | |||
| Never | 750 (32%) | 415 (35%) | 366 (30%) | 29 (30%) |
| Former | 1270 (54%) | 635 (53%) | 655 (54%) | 58 (60%) |
| Current | 325 (14%) | 154 (13%) | 200 (16%) | 9 (10%) |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 77.7 ± 14.5 | 78.9 ± 13.5 | 77.4 ± 15.4 | 72.1 ± 17.6** |
| Diabetes (T2DM) | 306 (13%) | 143 (12%) | 165 (14%) | 22 (23%)* |
| Education | ** | |||
| Primary | 160 (6%) | 60 (5%) | 89 (7%) | 11 (11.5%) |
| Lower | 986 (39%) | 448 (37%) | 500 (41%) | 38 (40%) |
| Intermediate | 767 (31%) | 363 (30%) | 372 (30.5%) | 32 (33%) |
| Higher | 608 (24%) | 333 (28%) | 260 (21%) | 15 (16%) |
Note: Data are presented as Mean ± SD, median (IQR), and number (%).
SAF = skin autofluorescence; AU = arbitrary units; BMI = body mass index; METh/week = metabolic equivalent task hours per week; kcal/day = kilocalories per day; eGFR = effective glomerular filtration rate; T2DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus; NA = not applicable.
aConformed sarcopenia always includes the presence of weak handgrip strength which is also an overlapping component of physical frailty.
***p <.0001, **p <.001 and *p <.05. p-Value for trend based on a statistical comparison of physical frailty categories by ANOVA.