Table 1. Published studies for different use-cases of sero-epidemiology by pathogen and source of infection.

Pathogens that could be considered for an integrated platform are listed and grouped by primary source of infections. Ways in which sero-epidemiology has previously been used in surveillance of each pathogen are indicated and accompanied by published examples, including both reviews and primary research articles. The numbers in the table indicate references and the gaps illustrate research or surveillance use-cases where serology has not been applied.

Primary source of infection	Pathogen for consideration in an integrated platform	Incidence rate estimates from cross-sectional data	Cumulative infection rate estimates (lasting/saturating Abs)	Vaccine vs. natural infection potentially discernible	Cross-sectional correlates of protection	Used for confirming elimination	Multi-pathogen surveillance via multiplex bead assays
Blood and/or other bodily fluids	Chlamydia trachomatis		[23]			[24]	[15,17,25,26]
	Ebola virus						[15]
	Hepatitis B virus			[2]	[27]
	Hepatitis C virus
	HIV	[28–32]					[15]
	Neisseria meningitidis
Food, water, and/or soil	Campylobacter jejuni	[33,34]	[35,36]				[35]
	Clostridium tetani		[37]	[2]	[38]	[19]	[6,15,17]
	Cryptosporidium parvum		[35]				[15,17,35]
	Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli		[35]				[35]
	Giardia intestinalis		[35]				[15,17,35]
	Hepatitis A virus		[39]		[27]
	Hepatitis E virus	[40]					[41]
	Lassa virus						[15]
	Norovirus		[35]				[35]
	Poliovirus				[42]
	Salmonella enterica serotype enteriditis	[43,44]	[35]				[15,35]
	Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium		[45]				[15]
	Schistosoma haematobium						[46]
	Schistosoma mansoni		[47]			[48]	[15,20,46]
	Shigella
	Strongyloides stercoralis					[49]	[15,17,20]
	Taenia solium						[15,17]
	Toxoplasma gondii	[50]	[51]				[17]
	Vibrio cholerae	[9,52]			[53,54]		[35]
Respiratory droplets and/or aerosols	Bordetella pertussis	[55]			[27,56]		[15]
	Corynebacterium diphtheriae		[57]		[57]		[15,17]
	Haemophilus influenzae B				[27,38]
	Measles		[2]		[2]		[15,17]
	Mumps		[58]		[58]		[15,17]
	Respiratory syncytial virus
	Rhinoviruses
	Rubella		[2]		[2]		[15,17]
	SARS-CoV-2			[59]			[60,61]
Arthropod vectors	Chikungunya virus	[62]	[7,8]		[63]		[15,64]
	Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus						[15]
	Dengue virus	[65,66]	[67]				[15]
	Mayaro virus	[68]	[67]				[68]
	Onchocerca volvulus					[48]	[15]
	Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax	[5,69,70]					[15,17,20]
	Vector saliva antigens
	Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi					[48]	[15,17,20]
	Yellow fever virus
	Zika virus		[64,67]