Figure 2. Forest plot comparing all-cause mortality (A), improvement in QoL (MLHFQ score) (B), AF recurrence (C) and HHF (D) between ablation therapy^* and medical therapy for PeAF patients with HF.

AF = atrial fibrillation; CI = confidence interval; HF = heart failure; HHF= hospitalization due to heart failure; MD = mean difference; MLHFQ = Minnesota Heart Failure Questionnaire; PeAF = persistent atrial fibrillation; OR = odds ratio; QoL = quality of life.

^*Includes both catheter ablation of AF and atrio-ventricular node ablation (vide online Supplementary Figure 5 for subgroup analysis).