Figure 3. Forest plot comparing all-cause mortality (A) and improvement in QoL (MLHFQ score) (B) between rhythm control^* and rate control strategy^† for PeAF with HF.

AAD = anti-arrhythmic drug; AF = atrial fibrillation; CA = catheter ablation; CI = confidence interval; HF = heart failure; MD = mean difference; MLHFQ = Minnesota Heart Failure Questionnaire; OR = odds ratio; PeAF = persistent atrial fibrillation; QoL = quality of life; RCD = rate-controlling drug.

^*Includes AAD and CA of AF; ^†Includes RCD and atrio-ventricular node ablation.