Table 3.
Baseline clinical characteristics of patients with PD in the low motor reserve and high motor reserve groups
| PD-L (n = 33) | PD-H (n = 58) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yr) | 68.3 ± 10.1 | 70.4 ± 8.0 | 0.273 |
| Onset age (yr) | 67.0 ± 10.4 | 68.9 ± 8.4 | 0.332 |
| Female | 18 (54.5) | 32 (55.2) | 0.954 |
| PD duration (mo) | 16.6 ± 13.4 | 18.2 ± 15.7 | 0.614 |
| UPDRS-III | 33.6 ± 9.7 | 13.3 ± 4.2 | < 0.001 |
| Education (yr) | 8.6 ± 5.4 | 12.0 ± 4.9 | 0.003 |
| CCSIT | 6.3 ± 2.5 | 7.1 ± 2.7 | 0.224 |
| BDI | 18.1 ± 11.9 | 9.8 ± 8.4 | < 0.001 |
| Vascular risk factors | |||
| Hypertension | 13 (39.4) | 28 (48.3) | 0.413 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 5 (15.2) | 13 (22.4) | 0.403 |
| Dyslipidemia | 8 (24.2) | 21 (36.2) | 0.239 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.3 ± 3.0 | 24.0 ± 2.3 | 0.565 |
| Total WMH burden* | 10.0 ± 7.8 | 10.6 ± 7.4 | 0.687 |
| DAT availability in the posterior putamen | 1.7 ± 0.5 | 1.8 ± 0.6 | 0.397 |
| Level of cognitive performance† | |||
| K-MMSE (/30) | 25.2 ± 3.9 | 27.5 ± 2.0 | 0.003 |
| Global cognitive composite score | -0.25 ± 0.39 | 0.03 ± 0.38 | 0.001 |
| Visual memory/visuospatial | -0.51 ± 1.00 | -0.08 ± 1.04 | 0.242‡ |
| Verbal memory | -0.06 ± 0.82 | 0.54 ± 1.00 | 0.018‡ |
| Frontal/executive | -0.32 ± 0.98 | -0.01 ± 0.97 | 0.610‡ |
| Attention/working memory/language | -0.45 ± 0.87 | -0.03 ± 0.80 | 0.090‡ |
Values are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation or number (percentage).
the WMH severity was rated on fluid attenuated inversion recovery images using the Scheltens scale [12];
the composite scores of each cognitive function domain were calculated according to the formula described in the previous work [15];
Bonferroni-corrected p values to correct multiple comparisons.
PD, Parkinson’s disease; PD-L, a group with low motor reserve; PD-H, a group with high motor reserve; UPDRS-III, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale Part III; CCSIT, the cross-cultural smell identification test; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; WMH, white matter hyperintensity; K-MMSE, the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination.