Fig. 3.

Distinct molecular etiology of HPV-positive and HPV-negative cervical cancers. HPV-positive cervical cancers are known to be immunologically “hot” with viral proteins driving the oncogenesis. Although some mutations of oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes have been reported in HPV-negative cervical cancers, more research studies on the molecular etiology of this type of cancer are needed to elucidate its unique mechanisms of oncogenesis.