Fig. 3.

Upper panel (a): action potentials (APs) in persistent atrial fibrillation (cAF), registered in two different nodes from the simulation mesh: in a cardiomyocyte outside the fibrotic patch (light blue line) and in a cardiomyocyte inside the fibrotic patch coupled with two fibroblasts (orange line). In order to show the effect of the applied electrical remodeling, APs were also shown in control conditions, from different simulations not including electrophysiological remodeling and not used in this work (yellow and purple lines, for uncoupled and coupled cardiomyocytes, respectively). Lower panel: Noisy unipolar EGMs $u_{i,j}^q(n)$ (${\sigma }_v=46.4\mu V$) recorded in non-fibrotic, $(i,j)=(3,3)$, and fibrotic $(i,j)=(8,7)$ tissue areas (blue and red line, respectively) when $\mathrm{\Psi }=0^{\circ }$, at electrode-to-tissue distances of ${\mu }_{3,3}={\mu }_{8,7}=0.8$ mm (b) and ${\mu }_{3,3}={\mu }_{8,7}=1.2$ mm (c)