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. 2022 Oct 6;12:16788. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-21110-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Algal symbiont cell density, (b) chlorophyll a content standardized to cell density, and (c) colour scores (definitions in Supplementary Table S2, see also Supplementary Fig. S3) of Xenia umbellata colonies from control tanks with low nitrate (LN, ~ 0.6 μM) and three treatments: LN + W = low nitrate (~ 0.6 μM) + warming from day 17; MN + W = medium nitrate eutrophication (~ 6 μM) + warming from day 17; HN + W = high nitrate eutrophication (~ 37 μM) + warming from day 17. Error bars represent standard deviations of three replicates, with one exception of two replicates for the LN + W treatment on day one for both, (a) and (b). Temperatures represent mean temperatures of the respective days, excluding controls (LN). Asterisks represent significant differences between treatments within days (pwc, Bonferroni adjustment, t-test (b) or Dunn’s test (c), * = p < 0.05). Post-hoc test in (c) was conducted excluding day 1. Pictures in (c) show representative polyps of one identical X. umbellata colony in the high nitrate treatment at the respective time points (as indicated by arrows). Images in (c) by Lisa Zimmermann.